Effect of Fermentation Parameters for the Mass Cultivation of Trichoderma viride via Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation Studies On Cellulase Production

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate different fermentation parameters and to optimize the fermentation parameters to cultivate Trichoderma viride (T. viride) via submerged and solid-state fermentations. The different parameters such as, effect of pH, temperature, inoculum size, media volume, incubation period and different nitrogen sources.  The highest growth yield noticed was 14.221g L-1 at 15 g L-1, 0.15 g L-1, 40 oC, 2.0, 7.0 and 200 carbon, nitrogen, temperature, volume of the medium, pH, RPM respectively. Following, 12.187 g L-1 yield of T. viride was achieved with 15 g L-1, 0.15 g L-1, 40 oC, 2.0, 7.0, 200 carbon, nitrogen, temperature, volume of the medium, pH, RPM respectively. the effect of different incubation period on the cellulase activity was ranged from 0.76U/mL/min to 3.02 U/mL/min. The effect of different incubation period on the cellulase activity was ranged from 0.63 U/mL/min to 2.88 U/mL/min. The effect of different pH on the cellulase activity was ranged from 0.436 U/mL/min to 2.481 U/mL/min. the highest cellulase activity was noticed at pH 5.5 with 2.481 Nitrogen sources, five (5) namely, NH4Cl, NH4, CH3COO, (NH4)2SO4, NH4H2PO4, NH4NO3 are identified as significant sources for cultivation of T. viride and subsequent production and activity of cellulase.  In accordance to results obtained, the inoculum size of 4mL found significant with 2.321 U/mL/min Out of Seven (7), three (3) media volumes such as 30mL, 40mL, and 50mL produced highest cellulase production with 2.964 U/mL/min, 2.331 U/mL/min

Determination of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), pH and Electrical Conductivity of Jeevamrutham Samples Collected from Different Places of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

This investigation was carried out to investigate the nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium levels of the jeevamrutham samples collected from different regions of the Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. In continuation, the collected samples are also evaluated for pH and Electrical Conductivity. Estimation of nitrogen was conducted by the Kjeldahl method. For acid soils, the Bray's method is used to measure the amount of accessible phosphorus, whereas the Olsen's method is used for neutral, alkaline, and calcareous soils. Determination of potassium was carried out using ammonium acetate at pH 7. The nitrogen percentage of the samples collected from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh was ranged from 3.0% to 5.8% and 3.5% to 6.5% respectively. The results revealed that the samples collected from Andhra Pradesh was found to exhibit highest nitrogen percentage comparing to the nitrogen percentage of the samples collected from Telangana. The concentration of phosphorus in the samples collected from Telengana is ranged from 77 ppm to 256 ppm. Whereas the concentration of phosphorus in the samples collected from Andhra Pradesh is ranged from 132 ppm to 312 ppm. The potassium levels were ranged from 66 ppm to 84 ppm and 63 ppm to 81 ppm of the samples collected from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The pH 5.4 to 6.7 and 5.6 to 6.3 are ranged from the samples collected from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The EC 0.19 ds m- to 0.25 ds m- and 0.21 ds m- to 0.28 ds m- are ranged from the samples collected from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh respectively. In conclusion, all collected samples contain the sufficient concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium levels in the collected jeevamrutham samples from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Moreover, the values of pH and EC of the samples tested found good

Comprehensive characterization of molecular interactions based on nanomechanics

Molecular interaction is a key concept in our understanding of the biological mechanisms of life. Two physical properties change when one molecular partner binds to another. Firstly, the masses combine and secondly, the structure of at least one binding partner is altered, mechanically transducing the binding into subsequent biological reactions. Here we present a nanomechanical micro-array technique for bio-medical research, which not only monitors the binding of effector molecules to their target but also the subsequent effect on a biological system in vitro. This label-free and real-time method directly and simultaneously tracks mass and nanomechanical changes at the sensor interface using micro-cantilever technology. To prove the concept we measured lipid vesicle (approximately 748*10(6) Da) adsorption on the sensor interface followed by subsequent binding of the bee venom peptide melittin (2840 Da) to the vesicles. The results show the high dynamic range of the instrument and that measuring the mass and structural changes simultaneously allow a comprehensive discussion of molecular interactions

Engineering of microfabricated ion traps and integration of advanced on-chip features

Atomic ions trapped in electromagnetic potentials have long been used for fundamental studies in quantum physics. Over the past two decades, trapped ions have been successfully used to implement technologies such as quantum computing, quantum simulation, atomic clocks, mass spectrometers and quantum sensors. Advanced fabrication techniques, taken from other established or emerging disciplines, are used to create new, reliable ion-trap devices aimed at large-scale integration and compatibility with commercial fabrication. This Technical Review covers the fundamentals of ion trapping before discussing the design of ion traps for the aforementioned applications. We overview the current microfabrication techniques and the various considerations behind the choice of materials and processes. Finally, we discuss current efforts to include advanced, on-chip features in next-generation ion traps

Ultrasonic velocities in cast aluminun alloy-shell char particle composites.

In this letter we report the ultrasonic velocity measurements made on cast aluminum alloy-shell char particle composites containing up to 30 vol% shell char. These measurements have been examined in the light of recent theoretical formulations on wave propagation in random particle composites. The usefulness of the ultrasonic measurements for nondestructive testing and evaluation of the composites has also been examined