Cloning of cDNA and chromosomal location of genes encoding the three types of subunits of the wheat tetrameric inhibitor of insect a-amylase

We have characterized three cDNA clones corresponding to proteins CM1, CM3 and CM16, which represent the three types of subunits of the wheat tetrameric inhibitor of insect -amylases. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mature polypeptides are homologous to those of the dimeric and monomeric -amylase inhibitors and of the trypsin inhibitors. The mature polypeptides are preceded by typical signal peptides. Southern blot analysis of appropriate aneuploids, using the cloned cDNAs as probes, has revealed the location of genes for subunits of the CM3 and of the CM16 type within a few kb of each other in chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D, and those for the CM1 type of subunit in chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. Known subunits of the tetrameric inhibitor corresponding to genes from the B and D genomes have been previously characterized. No proteins of this class have been found to be encoded by the A genome in hexaploid wheat (genomes AA, BB, DD) or in diploid wheats (AA) and no anti -amylase activity has been detected in the latter, so that the A-genome genes must be either silent (pseudogenes) or expressed at a much lower level

Adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy and resection versus resection alone in patients with low-risk resectable colorectal liver metastases - the multicenter randomized controlled PUMP trial

Background Recurrences are reported in 70% of all patients after resection of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), in which half are confined to the liver. Adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion pump (HAIP) chemotherapy aims to reduce the risk of intrahepatic recurrence. A large retrospective propensity score analysis demonstrated that HAIP chemotherapy is particularly effective in patients with low-risk oncological features. The aim of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) --the PUMP trial-- is to investigate the efficacy of adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy in low-risk patients with resectable CRLM. Methods This is an open label multicenter RCT. A total of 230 patients with resectable CRLM without extrahepatic disease will be included. Only patients with a clinical risk score (CRS) of 0 to 2 are eligible, meaning: patients are allowed to have no more than two out of five poor prognostic factors (disease-free interval less than 12 months, node-positive colorectal cancer, more than 1 CRLM, largest CRLM more than 5 cm in diameter, serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen above 200 μg/L). Patients randomized to arm A undergo complete resection of CRLM without any adjuvant treatment, which is the standard of care in the Netherlands. Patients in arm B receive an implantable pump at the time of CRLM resection and start adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy 4–12 weeks after surgery, with 6 cycles of floxuridine scheduled. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints include overall survival, hepatic PFS, safety, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness. Pharmacokinetics of intra-arterial administration of floxuridine will be investigated as well as predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of HAIP chemotherapy. In a side study, the accuracy of CT angiography will be compared to radionuclide scintigraphy to detect extrahepatic perfusion. We hypothesize that adjuvant HAIP chemotherapy leads to improved survival, improved quality of life, and

Milieurisicogrenzen voor ethyleen- diamine tetra-azijnzuur (EDTA)

In dit rapport worden milieurisicogrenzen (MTR, VR) afgeleid voor de stof ethyleen- diamine tetra-azijnzuur (EDTA, ; CAS No. 64-02-8, EINECS No. 200-573-9), gebaseerd op het EU risk assessment rapport voor deze stof. De MTR voor deze stof in water is 2.2. mg/l en de VR is 0.022 mg/l. Berekening van een MTR voor bodem of sediment is niet mogelijk omdat de speciatie van EDTA complex is.In this report maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and negligible concentration (NC) in water are derived for Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA; CAS No. 64-02-8, EINECS No. 200-573-9), based on the EU risk assessment report for this compound. The Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) for the water compartment is 2.2 mg/l, and the Negligible Concentration (NC) is 0.022 mg/l. Calculation of MPCs for sediment or soil is not possible due to complex speciation of EDTA.VROM-DGM-SA

Milieurisicogrenzen voor ethyleen- diamine tetra-azijnzuur (EDTA)

In this report maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and negligible concentration (NC) in water are derived for Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA; CAS No. 64-02-8, EINECS No. 200-573-9), based on the EU risk assessment report for this compound. The Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) for the water compartment is 2.2 mg/l, and the Negligible Concentration (NC) is 0.022 mg/l. Calculation of MPCs for sediment or soil is not possible due to complex speciation of EDTA.In dit rapport worden milieurisicogrenzen (MTR, VR) afgeleid voor de stof ethyleen- diamine tetra-azijnzuur (EDTA, ; CAS No. 64-02-8, EINECS No. 200-573-9), gebaseerd op het EU risk assessment rapport voor deze stof. De MTR voor deze stof in water is 2.2. mg/l en de VR is 0.022 mg/l. Berekening van een MTR voor bodem of sediment is niet mogelijk omdat de speciatie van EDTA complex is

Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life

In this review we report new findings concerning interaction between marine debris and wildlife. Deleterious effects and consequences of entanglement, consumption and smothering are highlighted and discussed. The number of species known to have been affected by either entanglement or ingestion of plastic debris has doubled since 1997, from 267 to 557 species among all groups of wildlife. For marine turtles the number of affected species increased from 86 to 100 % (now 7 of 7 species), for marine mammals from 43 to 66 % (now 81 of 123 species) and for seabirds from 44 to 50 % of species (now 203 of 406 species). Strong increases in records were also listed for fish and invertebrates, groups that were previously not considered in detail. In future records of interactions between marine debris and wildlife we recommend to focus on standardized data on frequency of occurrence and quantities of debris ingested. In combination with dedicated impact studies in the wild or experiments, this will allow more detailed assessments of the deleterious effects of marine debris on individuals and populations