The Investigation of the Relationship between Children’s 50m Freestyle Swimming Performances and Motor Performances

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between children’s 50 m freestyle swimming performances and motor performances. There were 32 swimmers (male = 21, female = 11), who had been swimming for at least one and a half year, participated in the study. The motor performances of the participating swimmers were determined through the Dordel Koch Test (DKT) and 50 m swimming performances via the stopwatch. The Spearman Correlation Analysis was used to determine the relationship between children’s motor performances and the swimming performances of 50 m. As a result of the statistical analysis, it was determined that the performance categories of DKT sub-dimensions were DKTshuttle, DKTpush-up and DKTbalance performances of the categories in which both girls and boys were the best. It was determined that male swimmers would perform DKT6min running and female swimmers would have a positive effect on the 50 m freestyle swimming performance of DKTsideward jump performances (p <0.01, p <0.05). In addition, it was determined that all the swimmers had a positive effect on the 50 m freestyle swimming performances of the DKT sideward jump, DKT6min running and DKTflexibilty performance (p <0.01, p <0.05). As a result, it can be stated that DKT6min running, which is the demonstration of aerobic performance, increased DKTflexibility and DKTsideward jump performance will contribute to 50m swimming performance.. Moreover, it can be suggested that the performance development of the upper extremity (DKTshuttle and DKTpush-up), which is required for the branch in the performance, is categorized as performance

THE EFFECTS OF 14-WEEK SPECIAL EDUCATION COURSE ON EMPATHIC TENDENCIES AND ATTITUDES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TOWARDS DISABLED PEOPLE

Bu çalışmada, 14 haftalık özel eğitim dersi uygulamasının üniversite öğrencilerinin empatik eğilim ve engelli bireylereyönelik tutumlarına etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi’nde okuyan 18-30 yaş (X20.741.93 yıl) aralığında toplam 180 öğrenci (Kadın: 46, Erkek: 134) oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmaya katılan bireyler deney (n89) ve kontrol gruplarına (n 91) ayrılarak, deney grubu 14 haftalık bir eğitime tabi tutulmuş olup, kontrol grubuna iseherhangi bir uygulama yaptırılmamıştır. Araştırmada, öğrencilerin sosyo-demografik özelliklerini belirlemek amacıylademografik özellikleri içeren “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, empatik eğilimlerini değerlendirmek için Dökmen (1988) tarafındangeliştirilen “Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği”, ve engelli bireylere yönelik tutumlarını değerlendirmek için Dökmen (2000) tarafındangeliştirilen “Engellilere Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde; grupların empatik eğilim veengellilere yönelik tutum puanlarının ön-test ve son-test karşılaştırmalarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farkbulunmamıştır (p0.05). Ayrıca, deney ve kontrol gruplarının ön ve son-test empatik eğilim ve engellilere yönelik tutumpuanları arasında da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir (p0.05). Sonuç olarak; 14 haftalık özel eğitimdersi uygulamasının spor bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin empatik eğilim ve engelli bireylereyönelik tutumları üzerinde istatistiksel olarak bir etkisinin olmadığı, fakat verilen eğitimin üniversite öğrencilerinin engellibireylere yönelik tutumları üzerinde pozitif etki ettiği belirlenmiştir.The present study investigated the effects of 14-week special education course on empathic tendencies of universitystudents and their attitudes towards people with disabilities. The sample of the study consists of a total of 180 students (46females and 134 males) between the ages of 18-30 (X 20.741.93 year), who studied in the Faculty of Sports Sciences. Theparticipants taking part in the study were divided into experimental (n 89) and control (n 91) groups, and while theexperimental group was given a 14-week education course, the control group was not subjected to any education. In thepresent study, a “Personal Information Form” was used in order to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of thestudents, the “Empathic Tendency Scale” developed by Dökmen (1988) was used to evaluate their empathic tendencies,and the “Scale of Attitudes towards Disabled People” developed by Dökmen (2000) was employed to evaluate theirattitudes towards people with disabilities. When the test results were evaluated, no statistically significant difference wasfound between the pre-test and post-test ‘Empathic Tendency Scores’ and ‘Attitudes Towards Disabled People Scores’ ofthe groups (p0.05). In addition, no statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test of‘Empathic Tendency Scores’ and ‘Attitudes Towards Disabled People Scores’ of the experimental and control groups(p0.05). Consequently, it was determined that the 14-week special education had no statistically significant effect on theempathic tendency of university students who studied in the Faculty of Sports Sciences and their attitudes towards peoplewith disabilities, but it had a positive effect on their attitudes towards people with disabilities

14 HAFTALIK ÖZEL EĞİTİM DERSİ UYGULAMASININ ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN EMPATİK EĞİLİM VE ENGELLİLERE YÖNELİK TUTUMLARINA ETKİSİ

Bu çalışmada, 14 haftalık özel eğitim dersi uygulamasının üniversite öğrencilerinin empatik eğilim ve engelli bireylereyönelik tutumlarına etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi’nde okuyan 18-30 yaş (X20.741.93 yıl) aralığında toplam 180 öğrenci (Kadın: 46, Erkek: 134) oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmaya katılan bireyler deney (n89) ve kontrol gruplarına (n 91) ayrılarak, deney grubu 14 haftalık bir eğitime tabi tutulmuş olup, kontrol grubuna iseherhangi bir uygulama yaptırılmamıştır. Araştırmada, öğrencilerin sosyo-demografik özelliklerini belirlemek amacıylademografik özellikleri içeren “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, empatik eğilimlerini değerlendirmek için Dökmen (1988) tarafındangeliştirilen “Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği”, ve engelli bireylere yönelik tutumlarını değerlendirmek için Dökmen (2000) tarafındangeliştirilen “Engellilere Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde; grupların empatik eğilim veengellilere yönelik tutum puanlarının ön-test ve son-test karşılaştırmalarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farkbulunmamıştır (p0.05). Ayrıca, deney ve kontrol gruplarının ön ve son-test empatik eğilim ve engellilere yönelik tutumpuanları arasında da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir (p0.05). Sonuç olarak; 14 haftalık özel eğitimdersi uygulamasının spor bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin empatik eğilim ve engelli bireylereyönelik tutumları üzerinde istatistiksel olarak bir etkisinin olmadığı, fakat verilen eğitimin üniversite öğrencilerinin engellibireylere yönelik tutumları üzerinde pozitif etki ettiği belirlenmiştir.The present study investigated the effects of 14-week special education course on empathic tendencies of universitystudents and their attitudes towards people with disabilities. The sample of the study consists of a total of 180 students (46females and 134 males) between the ages of 18-30 (X 20.741.93 year), who studied in the Faculty of Sports Sciences. Theparticipants taking part in the study were divided into experimental (n 89) and control (n 91) groups, and while theexperimental group was given a 14-week education course, the control group was not subjected to any education. In thepresent study, a “Personal Information Form” was used in order to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of thestudents, the “Empathic Tendency Scale” developed by Dökmen (1988) was used to evaluate their empathic tendencies,and the “Scale of Attitudes towards Disabled People” developed by Dökmen (2000) was employed to evaluate theirattitudes towards people with disabilities. When the test results were evaluated, no statistically significant difference wasfound between the pre-test and post-test ‘Empathic Tendency Scores’ and ‘Attitudes Towards Disabled People Scores’ ofthe groups (p0.05). In addition, no statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test of‘Empathic Tendency Scores’ and ‘Attitudes Towards Disabled People Scores’ of the experimental and control groups(p0.05). Consequently, it was determined that the 14-week special education had no statistically significant effect on theempathic tendency of university students who studied in the Faculty of Sports Sciences and their attitudes towards peoplewith disabilities, but it had a positive effect on their attitudes towards people with disabilities

The effect of fatigue exercise on the electromyogram (EMG) and balance performance of individuals with mental disability

The purpose of the present study was to determine how the fatigue exercise affects the balance performance of individuals with mental disability, to evaluate the changes in their balance performance and electromyogram (EMG) during exercise, and to compare their values with those of healthy individuals. Educable mentally disabled individuals (n=14) and healthy sedentary individuals (n=14) were included in the study. Group 1: Included healthy balance and EMG control group, Group 2: Included the healthy individuals who were directed to perform fatigue exercise and from which EMG results were taken by means of balance scores, Group 3: Included the mild mentally disabled balance and EMG control group, and Group 4: Included the mild mentally disabled group who were directed to do fatigue exercises and from which balance and EMG results were taken. The subjects did the fatigue exercise only once for a period of 3 minutes at the submaximal intensity on the bicycle ergometer. While no differences were found within the pairs of groups, differences were found between the groups of healthy individuals and groups of mentally disabled individuals in terms of the balance parameter. On the other hand, no significant difference was found in the EMG changes in the Vastus Lateralis and Rectus Femoris muscles. When the EMG data and the heart rates recorded during the 3-minute exercise carried out with bicycle ergometer were examined, while no significant difference was found between the groups, significant differences were found between the distance, power and work values of these groups. Consequently, it was determined that there was a difference between the mentally disabled individuals and the healthy individuals of the same age group in terms of balance parameters; that physical exercise noticeably decreased the balance performance; and that mentally disabled individuals could get exhausted more quickly than their peers. © 2017, Scientific Publishers of India. All rights reserved

Yangın müşterek avaryası

ÖZET Yangın günlük hayatın her noktasında var olan bir risktir. Bu tehlike, sadece karada olan varlıklar için değil, ayrıca deniz seyrüseferi yapan bir gemi ve yük için de mevcuttur. Gemi ve yükü müştereken tehdit eden bir tehlikenin bertaraf edilmesi amacıyla olağanüstü fedakarlık ve masrafın yapılması gerekebilir. İşte, müşterek selametin sağlanması için gemi veya yükün katlandığı bu masraf ve fedakarlığın gemi, yük ve navlun sahipleri arasında değerleri oranında paylaştırma işlemine müşterek avarya adı verilmektedir. Gemi ve yükü tehdit eden bu müşterek tehlikenin yangın olması durumunda ise “yangın müşterek avaryası” kurumu doğmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, genel olarak müşterek avarya kavramı ile yangın müşterek avaryası ve dispeç kavramları anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. ABSTRACTFire is a well known risk in human life. Fire is a common threat that effects not only the life on land but it may also occur on a vessel involving in a maritime adventure. It is a fact that it may be necessary to make an extraordinary sacrifice and expense for the common safety for the purpose of preserving the vessel and its cargo from a peril. Therefore, an act called “General Average” would apply when the expenditures and sacrifices are borne by the contributing parties, ship and cargo owners. Fire is one of the perils that may cause a general average act in a maritime voyage. The general average concept and general average due to fire and general average adjustment subjects were researched and explained in this study

Yangın müşterek avaryası

Yangın günlük hayatın her noktasında var olan bir risktir. Bu tehlike, sadece karada olan varlıklar için değil, ayrıca deniz seyrüseferi yapan bir gemi ve yük için de mevcuttur. Gemi ve yükü müştereken tehdit eden bir tehlikenin bertaraf edilmesi amacıyla olağanüstü fedakarlık ve masrafın yapılması gerekebilir. İşte, müşterek selametin sağlanması için gemi veya yükün katlandığı bu masraf ve fedakarlığın gemi, yük ve navlun sahipleri arasında değerleri oranında paylaştırma işlemine müşterek avarya adı verilmektedir. Gemi ve yükü tehdit eden bu müşterek tehlikenin yangın olması durumunda ise “yangın müşterek avaryası” kurumu doğmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, genel olarak müşterek avarya kavramı ile yangın müşterek avaryası ve dispeç kavramları anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. ABSTRACT Fire is a well known risk in human life. Fire is a common threat that effects not only the life on land but it may also occur on a vessel involving in a maritime adventure. It is a fact that it may be necessary to make an extraordinary sacrifice and expense for the common safety for the purpose of preserving the vessel and its cargo from a peril. Therefore, an act called “General Average” would apply when the expenditures and sacrifices are borne by the contributing parties, ship and cargo owners. Fire is one of the perils that may cause a general average act in a maritime voyage. The general average concept and general average due to fire and general average adjustment subjects were researched and explained in this study

Effects of a 3-month recreative exercise applied to individuals with intellectual disability on their electromyogram (EMG) variations and balance performance

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine how 3-month recreative exercises affect the balance performance of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and to evaluate the electromyogram (EMG) changes following exercises. Methods: Eleven individuals (M=14.18, S.D=1.94) with mild intellectual disability (MID) who attend the school for children with ID and to the vocational school were included in the study. In the study, the subjects were applied a recreative exercise program (60 min/3 days/12 weeks) and their balance, EMG, and aerobic and anaerobic performances were evaluated by means of the pretest-posttest model. Results: When the EMG values in our study were examined, differences were found in terms of EMG3-VL muscle variable (P=0.075/2=0.038), EMG3-RF muscle variable (P=0.080/2=0.040), and EMG5-RF muscle variable (P=0.066/2=0.033). The exercise program decreased the EMG values significantly. When the balance scores were evaluated, significant differences were found in terms of the variables of Balance 2 (after 30 s) (P=0.077/2=0.039) and Balance 3 (after 3 min) (P=0.084/2=0.042). The exercise program significantly decreased the balance values. Conclusion: Consequently, it was determined that 3-month recreative exercises applied to individuals with ID lowered the EMG and Balance values during and after the exercise. In this context, it is thought that the people working with the children with MID need to consider the parameters constituting the balance in a detailed way in their exercise practices and to include activities improving their balance skills into their programs, and that recreative exercises can also provide contribution in this term. © 2017, © The British Society of Developmental Disabilities 2017.This work was supported by the Usak University Scientifi

10 HAFTALIK YÜZME EGZERSİZİNİN HAFİF DÜZEYDE ZİHİNSEL ENGELLİ

Bu çalışmanın amacı; 10 haftalık yüzme egzersizi uygulamasının hafif düzeyde zihinsel engelli bireyler ve ailelerinin yaşam kalitelerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmanın örneklemini Uşak il merkezinde bulunan Vala Gedik İlköğretim Okulu ve İş Okulu'nda öğrenim gören 12-16 yaş arası 12 Kız (x: 15,250,86) ve 20 Erkek (x: 14,901,11) olmak üzere toplam 32 hafif düzeyde zihinsel engelli birey oluşturmaktadır. Engelli bireyler ve ailelerinin (Anne: 20, Baba: 12) yaşam kalitelerini belirlemek için çalışmanın başında ve sonunda Sağlıkla İlişkili Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği (KINDL) ve Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği Kısa Form-36 (SF-36) kullanılmıştır. Yaşam kalitesi düzeyleri belirlenen bireyler tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle deney ve kontrol gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Deney grubuna 10 haftalık (60 dk./3 gün /hafta) yüzme egzersiz programı uygulanmıştır, kontrol grubuna ise hiçbir uygulama yapılmamıştır. Çalışmamızda zihinsel engelli bireylerin yaşam kalitesi değerlendirildiğinde; ön -test sonuçlarında okul alt boyutunda, son test sonuçlarında ise sadece özsaygı parametresinde gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (p0,05). Engelli bireylerin ailelerinin yaşam kalitesi parametrelerinin son -test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde ise canlılık alt boyutunda anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir (p0,05). Diğer parametrelerde ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (p0,05). Sonuç olarak; 10 haftalık yüzme egzersizinin yaşam kalitesini etkileme noktasında yetersiz kaldığı ve bununla birlikte egzersiz süresinin uzatılması ile daha pozitif yönde gelişim sağlana cağı düşünülmektedir. Zihinsel engelli bireylerin günlük yaşamlarında ve eğitimlerinde yer alan kişilere, bu bireylerin yaşam kalitelerinin artırılması noktasında eğitimler verilmeli ve uzun süreli egzersiz programları mutlaka bu bireylerin hayatlarına dahil edilmelidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Egzersiz, yaşam kalitesi, zihinsel engel.The present study aims to investigate the effect of 10-week swimming exercise practice on life qualities of individuals with mild intellectual disability (MID) and their families. The study sampling is consisted of totally 32 individuals with MID aged 1216 (12 females (x: 15,25±0,86) and 20 males (x: 14,90±1,11)) from the Vala Gedik Primary School and Practice School in Uşak City. In order to determine life qualities of handicapped individuals and their families (Mother: 20, Father: 12), HealthRelated Life Quality Scale (KINDL) and Life Quality Scale Short Form-36 (SF-36) were employed in the pre- and post-study periods. Individuals whose life quality levels were determined were separated into experiment and control groups through random sampling method. Whereas the experiment group was applied 10-week (60 min./3 days /week) swimming exercise program, the control group incurred no program. When life qualities of individuals with MID were evaluated in our study, pre-test and post-test results indicated statistically significant differences among groups in terms of school sub-dimensions and self-respect parameters (p<0.05). When post-test results of life quality parameters of families of handicapped individuals were considered, significant difference was determined with the liveliness sub-dimension (p<0.05). In terms of other parameters, no statistical difference was found (p>0.05). Finally, it was considered that 10-week swimming exercise was not effective on life quality and extension of exercise period could allow positive development. Individuals who participate in daily lives and training activities of individuals with MID are required to be given training to enhance life qualities of individuals; and long-term exercise programs should be included in the lives of these individuals

The effect of families’ alexithymic status and social skill levels on directing their children with intellectual disabilities to sports

The aim of this study was to investigate the social skill levels of families who have children with mild intellectual disabilities and the effect of alexithymic status on their orientation to sports. The study group consisted of 194 families who have children with mild intellectual disabilities. Personal Information Form, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) and Social Problem Solving Inventory-Short Form (SPSI-R/SF) were used as data collection tools. The families’ alexithymic status and social problem solving skills were moderate. There was a relationship between alexithymia levels of families and positive orientation to the problem (r = 0.147; p < 0.01) and avoidance of problem solving sub-dimension and directing their children to sports (r = 0.145; p < 0.01). The total alexithymia levels and their sub-dimensions of the families whose children were engaged in sports were significantly higher than the children who did not do sports (p < 0.05). In conclusion; families’ alexithymic status and social skill levels may affect their children’s orientation to sports. As the alexithymia levels of the families increase, their children’s orientation to sports shows a moderate increase. © 2019, © The British Society of Developmental Disabilities 2019