Longitudinal changes in attention bias to infant crying in primiparous mothers

IntroductionInfant stimuli attract caregiver attention and motivate parenting behavior. Studies have confirmed the existence of attentional bias toward infant face stimuli; however, relatively little is known about whether attentional bias exists for infant cry stimuli, which are as important as faces in child-rearing situations. Furthermore, scarce longitudinal evidence exists on how attentional bias toward infant crying changes through the postpartum period.MethodsIn the present study, we conducted an experiment to assess bias toward infant crying at two postpartum time points: at Time 1 (Mean = 75.24 days), 45 first-time mothers participated and at Time 2 (Mean = 274.33 days), 30 mothers participated. At both time points, the mothers participated in a Stroop task with infant crying and white noise as the stimuli. They were instructed to answer the color out loud as quickly and accurately as possible, while ignoring the sound. Four types of audio stimuli were used in this task (the cry of the mother’s own infant, the cry of an unfamiliar infant, white noise matched to the cry of the mother’s own infant, and white noise matched to the cry of an unfamiliar infant), one of which was presented randomly before each trial. Response time and the correct response rate for each condition were the dependent variables.ResultsFor response time, the main effect of familiarity was significant, with longer response times when the participant’s infant’s cry was presented. In addition, response times were lower at Time 2 than at Time 1 in some conditions in which crying was presented.DiscussionThe results suggest that mothers may be less disturbed by infant crying as they gain more experience. Elucidating the characteristics of postpartum mothers’ changes in cognitive performance related to infants’ cries would be useful in fundamental and applied research to understand the process of parents’ adaptation to parenting

USEFULNESS OF INTRAVENOUS CONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR THE DETECTION OF A RUPTURED SITE OF SINUS OF VALSALVA ANEURYSM

A sinus of Valsalva aneurysm rupture into the right atrium was detected by intravenous contrast echocardiographic negative jet, although transthoracic color Doppler flow mapping suggested that the rupture communicated with the right ventricle

ANGIOTENSIN Ⅱ TYPE Ⅰ RECEPTOR AND ANGIOTENSINOGEN GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

To analyze the participation of genetic factors in the onset and process of coronary arteriosclerosis, we investigated the distribution of both angiotensin Ⅱ type Ⅰ receptor (AT1R) and angiotensinogen (ATN) gene polymorphisms, and the relationship between genotype and clinical features in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). We studied 139 CAD patients (CAD group : 93 males, 46 females, mean age of 62 y/o) consisting of 118 with myocardial infarction and 21 with angina pectoris. We selected 133 healthy volunteers without overt cardiac heart disease as control subjects. Al166C polymorphism of the AT1R gene (A → C transversion at position 1166 of AT1R gene) and T174M polymorphism of ATN gene (T → M transversion at position 174 of ATN gene) were determined by PCR of genomic DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes and digestion with restriction enzyme. Patients were classified into one of three genotypes, AA homozygote, AC heterozygote and CC homozygote for AT1R, TT, TM and MM for ATN. The distribution of AT1R and ATN genotype did not differ between CAD patients and control subjects. Neither AT1R nor ATN genotype was correlated with the severity of coronary arteriosclerosis. In AT1R gene polymorphism, AC and CC genotype were significantly more frequent in patients with than in those without restenosis. In ATN gene polymorphism, TT genotype was also significantly more frequent in patients with than in those without restenosis. In conclusion, both ATIR and ATN gene polymorphism may participate in the process of restenosis after coronary angioplasty

MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES MELLITUS : REPORT OF FOUR CASES AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Case reports of 4 patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) associated with diabetes mellitus are presented. The clinical characteristics of each of the patients differed. We determined the incidence of MN in a total of 292 patients with diabetes mellitus who underwent renal biopsy between 1982 and 1995 : it was 1.4% for the group of all patients, and 4.8% for patients with overt proteinuria. Clinicopathologic features of MN observed in diabetic patients are discussed in the context of a review of the literature

Data_Sheet_1_Longitudinal changes in attention bias to infant crying in primiparous mothers.docx

IntroductionInfant stimuli attract caregiver attention and motivate parenting behavior. Studies have confirmed the existence of attentional bias toward infant face stimuli; however, relatively little is known about whether attentional bias exists for infant cry stimuli, which are as important as faces in child-rearing situations. Furthermore, scarce longitudinal evidence exists on how attentional bias toward infant crying changes through the postpartum period.MethodsIn the present study, we conducted an experiment to assess bias toward infant crying at two postpartum time points: at Time 1 (Mean = 75.24 days), 45 first-time mothers participated and at Time 2 (Mean = 274.33 days), 30 mothers participated. At both time points, the mothers participated in a Stroop task with infant crying and white noise as the stimuli. They were instructed to answer the color out loud as quickly and accurately as possible, while ignoring the sound. Four types of audio stimuli were used in this task (the cry of the mother’s own infant, the cry of an unfamiliar infant, white noise matched to the cry of the mother’s own infant, and white noise matched to the cry of an unfamiliar infant), one of which was presented randomly before each trial. Response time and the correct response rate for each condition were the dependent variables.ResultsFor response time, the main effect of familiarity was significant, with longer response times when the participant’s infant’s cry was presented. In addition, response times were lower at Time 2 than at Time 1 in some conditions in which crying was presented.DiscussionThe results suggest that mothers may be less disturbed by infant crying as they gain more experience. Elucidating the characteristics of postpartum mothers’ changes in cognitive performance related to infants’ cries would be useful in fundamental and applied research to understand the process of parents’ adaptation to parenting.</p