607 research outputs found
Solution phase, solid state, and theoretical investigations on the MacMillan imidazolidinone
A combination of soln. phase NMR, X-ray crystallog. studies, and DFT calcns. provide a consistent structural conformation for iminium ions derived from the MacMillan imidazolidinone
Aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts as green and efficient coupling partners for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction : from optimisation to mole scale
The use of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate salts as coupling partners in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction was investigated from a process chemistry perspective including safety evaluation, solvent and catalyst screening and multi-variate factor optimization. Optimised conditions were applied to a range of substrates to evaluate the scope and limitations of the reaction and one example was carried out on mole-scale to demonstrate the practicality and scalability of the proces
The alpha-effect in cyclic secondary amines: new scaffolds for iminium ion accelerated transformations
Five-membered secondary amine heterocycles containing an α-heteroatom were prepared and shown to be ineffective as catalysts for the iminium ion catalysed DielsâAlder reaction between cinnamaldehyde and cyclopentadiene. Their six-membered counterparts proved to be highly active catalysts. In stark contrast, the catalytic activity observed when comparing the non α-heteroatom cyclic amines proline methyl ester and methyl pipecolinate showed the five-membered ring amine was significantly more active. Concurrent density functional theoretical calculations suggest a rationale for the observed trends in reactivity, highlighting that LUMO activation through an iminium ion intermediate plays a key role in catalytic activity
Relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and basketball performance in Australian men
Objective
To investigate relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and competitive basketball performance in Australian men. Methods
Using an observational crossâsectional design a total of 221 Australian basketball players who competed in the Olympic Games, International Basketball Federation World Championships/Cup, Australian National Basketball League, Central Australian Basketball League or socially had their 2D:4Ds measured. Analysis of variance was used to assess differences in mean 2D:4Ds between men playing at different competitive standards, with relationships between 2D:4Ds and basketball gameârelated statistics assessed using Pearson\u27s product moment correlations in men playing at a single competitive standard. Results
There were significant differences between competitive standards for the left 2D:4D following Bonferroni correction, but not for the right 2D:4D, with basketballers who achieved higher competitive standards tending to have lower left 2D:4Ds. No important correlations between 2D:4D and basketball gameârelated statistics were found, with correlations typically negligible. Conclusions
This study indicated that the 2D:4D can discriminate between basketballers competing at different standards, but not between basketballers within a single competitive standard using objective gameârelated statistics
CâH arylation of heterocyclic N oxides through in-situ diazotisation of anilines without added promoters : a green and selective coupling process
A green and selective method for the generation of bi-aryl compounds through CâH arylation of heterocyclic N-oxides is presented in which the addition of ascorbic acid as a promoter is not required for either the generation of an aryldiazonium species or the subsequent arylation. Reaction conditions were optimized through Multivariate Data Analysis, including Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures (OPLS) and Design of Experiments (DoE) methodologies resulting in further sustainability improvements, and were then applied to a range of substrates to establish the scope and limitations of the process. The reaction was studied using in-situ infra-red spectroscopy and a mechanism is presented that accounts for the available data from this and previous studies. The reaction was also per-formed on a multigram scale, with calorimetry studies to support further scale-up of this promoter-free transformation
Does ratification of human-rights treaties have effects on population health?
Human-rights treaties indicate a country's commitment to human rights. Here, we assess whether ratification of human-rights treaties is associated with improved health and social indicators. Data for health (including HIV prevalence, and maternal, infant, and child [<5 years] mortalities) and social indicators (child labour, human development index, sex gap, and corruption index), gathered from 170 countries, showed no consistent associations between ratification of human-rights treaties and health or social outcomes. Established market economy states had consistently improved health compared with less wealthy settings, but this was not associated with treaty ratification. The status of treaty ratification alone is not a good indicator of the realisation of the right to health. We suggest the need for stringent requirements for ratification of treaties, improved accountability mechanisms to monitor compliance of states with treaty obligations, and financial assistance to support the realisation of the right to health
The 20-m shuttle run: Assessment and interpretation of data in relation to youth aerobic fitness and health
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a good summative measure of the bodyâs ability to perform continuous, rhythmic, dynamic, large-muscle group physical activity, and exercise. In children, CRF is meaningfully associated with health, independent of physical activity levels, and it is an important determinant of sports and athletic performance. Although gas-analyzed peak oxygen uptake is the criterion physiological measure of childrenâs CRF, it is not practical for population-based testing. Field testing offers a simple, cheap, practical alternative to gas analysis. The 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT)âa progressive aerobic exercise test involving continuous running between 2 lines 20 m apart in time to audio signalsâis probably the most widely used field test of CRF. This review aims to clarify the international utility of the 20mSRT by synthesizing the evidence describing measurement variability, validity, reliability, feasibility, and the interpretation of results, as well as to provide future directions for international surveillance. The authors show that the 20mSRT is an acceptable, feasible, and scalable measure of CRF and functional/exercise capacity, and that it has moderate criterion validity and high to very high reliability. The assessment is pragmatic, easily interpreted, and results are transferable to meaningful and understandable situations. The authors recommend that CRF, assessed by the 20mSRT, be considered as an international population health surveillance measure to provide additional insight into pediatric population health
Criterion-referenced mCAFT cut-points to identify metabolically healthy cardiorespiratory fitness among adults aged 18â69 years: An analysis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey
Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate health-related criterion-referenced cutpoints for the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test (mCAFT), a field-based measure to predict cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among adults (18â69 years). Methods: Criterionreferenced mCAFT cut-points were developed using nationally representative data from cycles 1 (2007â09) and 2 (2009â11) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to identify age- and sex-specific cut-points for measured waist circumference, blood pressure, and high-density lipoprotein. Cut-points were validated against metabolic syndrome using a fasted sub-sample (n=1,093) from cycle 5 (2016â 17). Results: 4,967 participants (50% women) were retained for the main analyses. The mCAFT cut-points ranged from 28 to 43 mLâąkgâ1âąminâ1 (AUC: 0.60-0.87) among men, and 23 to 37 mLâąkgâ1âąminâ1 (AUC: 0.61-0.86) among women. The likelihood of meeting the new mCAFT cut-points decreased with an increase in the presence of metabolic risk factors. In total, 54% (95%CI: 42 to 67%) of Canadian adults met the new mCAFT cut-points in 2016â17. Conclusion: This study developed and validated the first health-related criterion-referenced mCAFT cutpoints for metabolic health among Canadian adults aged 18â69 years. These mCAFT cut-points may be useful in health surveillance, clinical, and public health settings.
Novelty bullets We developed and validated new criterion-referenced cut-points for the modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test to help identify adults at potential risk of poor metabolic health. These new cut-points could help support national health surveillance efforts
Perception of threat and intent to harm from vocal and facial cues
What constitutes a âthreatening tone of voiceâ? There is currently little research exploring how listeners infer threat, or the intention to cause harm, from speakersâ voices. Here, we investigated the influence of key linguistic variables on these evaluations (Study 1). Results showed a trend for voices perceived to be lower in pitch, particularly those of male speakers, to be evaluated as sounding more threatening and conveying greater intent to harm. We next investigated the evaluation of multimodal stimuli comprising voices and faces varying in perceived dominance (Study 2). Visual information about the speakerâs face had a significant effect on threat and intent ratings. In both experiments, we observed a relatively low level of agreement among individual listenersâ evaluations, emphasising idiosyncrasy in the ways in which threat and intent-to-harm are perceived. This research provides a basis for the perceptual experience of a âthreatening tone of voice,â along with an exploration of vocal and facial cue integration in social evaluation
Introduction to the Global Matrix 2.0: Report Card Grades on the Physical Activity of Children and Youth Comparing 38 Countries
- âŠ