Comparison of safety and efficacy of tamsulosin, tadalafil, combinations and deflazacort in lower ureteric orifice negotiation by large size uretero- scope (8/9.8 Fr) prior to intracorporeal lithotripsy

Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of tamsulosin, tadalafil, deflazacort and combination of tamsulosin with tadalafil in lower ureteric orifice negotiation by large size ureteroscope (8/9.8 Fr) prior to intracorporeal lithotripsy.Patients and methods: In this prospective study, 180 patients presented with ureteric stone of size 8–15 mm were randomly assigned to 5 groups: tamsulosin (group A), tadalafil (group B), deflazacort (group C), combination of tamsulosin with tadalafil (group D) and placebo (group E). After 10 days of drug therapy 168 patients were underwent ureteroscopy and findings like endoscopic configuration of ureteric orifice, need for ureteric dilatation, ureteroscope negotiation, operating time, drug related side effect and procedural complication were noted in each group.Results: All four groups (A, B, C, D) were significantly better than group E in terms of ureteric orifice appearance (wide) during endoscopy. Negotiation of ureteric orifice was easy in group A (70.59%), B (58.82%) and D (78.13%) as compare to group E (31.43%) which was statistically significant. Group A (32.35%) and D (34.38%) were statistically better with group E (62.86%) in terms of ureteral dilatation. Operative time was less in all four groups as compared to group E. All patients well tolerated the drugs with no serious side effects.Conclusion: Both tamsulosin and tamsulosin with tadalafil helps in forward propagation of large sizeureteroscope as compared to other groups with less operative time without any significant complications.So, we can conclude that tamsulosin alone can be helpful for lower ureteric orifice negotiation duringintracorporeal lithotripsy with minimal side effects.Keywords: Hematuria; Negotiation; Ureteroscop

Effect of some Heterocyclic Synthetic Nitrogen Regulators for Increasing the Efficacy of Urea in Paddy-wheat Crop Rotation

98-101In developing countries urea is the major source of nitrogen, but it is a matter of concern that one-third of urea (30-35%) is only utilized by the plants and the rest two-third (65-70%) is lost by volatilization, denitrification, leaching and absorbed in lower profiles of the soil. Due to this farmers suffer a great economic loss and have to face the polluted environment and contaminated water. This wasteful loss of nitrogen can be controlled to a certain extent by application of some heterocyclic nitrogen regulators like pyrazoles and isoxazoles. The isoxazole regulators can control urea hydrolysis and denitrification, and increase N-uptake and apparent N-recovery by formation of nitrogen complexes in soil which can be easily adsorbed by growing plants. The present investigation was carried out in a IARI farm soil (Typic Haplustept) and urea fortified with different synthetic isoxazole compounds for N-regulation. The study indicated that the test regulators (at 5% of the fertilizer level) significantly retarded the nitrification of soil applied urea. In vitro studies have revealed that whereas 75% soil applied urea-N got converted to nitrate-N within a week's time, the use of test chemicals delayed the urea transformation for 10-14 days to achieve the same level of nitrate-N. These regulators not only increased the dry matter yield by 20-25% over control, but their application along with fertilizer also increased the apparent -N recovery by 20-40% in both paddy and wheat crops. The use of these chemicals was not detrimental to soil health. These nitrification regulators retarded the conversion of ammoniacal-N to nitrate-N without accumulation of nitrite-N, which is supposed to be toxic to the plants

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons between 2004 and 2006 to assess the role of balanced fertilization and bioregulators (foliar-applied brassinosteroid 0.5 mg I−1, thiourea 1000 mg I−1 and kinetin 10 mg I−1) in enhancing the productivity of wheat. Conjoint application of NPKSZn (120 kg N, 40 kg P2O5, 30 kg K2O, 40 kg S, 5.5 kg Zn ha−1) recorded maximum improvements in yield attributes and significantly out-yielded all the fertilization treatments with 14.90, 4.97 and 6.39% increments in grain yield compared with NPK, NPKS and NPKZn treatments, respectively. Nutrient (N, P, K, S, Zn) content and uptake were also improved significantly with balanced fertilization. Among the bioregulators, application of 0.50 mg I−1 brassinosteroid recorded maximum increments in grain yield (14.10%), followed by 10 mg I−1 kinetin (12.31%) and 1000 mg I−1 thiourea (9.92%), over control (4.99 t ha−1). Bioregulators significantly enhanced the uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, S, Zn) over control. NPKSZn treatment also gave the maximum net return (Rs. 51,209 ha−1). Among the bioregulators, brassinosteroid provided the maximum net return (Rs. 47,292 ha−1) and benefit:cost (B:C) ratio (3.37) followed by thiourea (Rs. 45,500 ha−1 and 3.35). Kinetin also provided yield advantage, however, it gave a significantly reduced B:C ratio compared with control.Not Availabl