Effects of Xylanase in high-co-product diets on nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs

A total of 36 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 185 lb BW) were used in a 14-d study to evaluate the effects of xylanase (Porzyme 9302; Danisco Animal Nutrition, St. Louis, MO) in growing-finishing diets varying in dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial. Main effects were increasing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 35, 42.5, and 50%) with or without xylanase (0 or 4,000 units xylanase per kilogram of diet. The 6 treatment diets were corn-soybean meal–based with 15% added wheat middlings (midds), with 6 replications per treatment. All diets were fed in meal form. Multiple enzyme × DDGS interactive effects (P < 0.05) were observed for digestibility of various nutrients. The majority of these interactions resulted from differences in response to increasing DDGS with and without xylanase. In diets with xylanase, apparent digestibility generally decreased as DDGS increased. In diets without xylanase, apparent digestibility decreased as DDGS increased from 35 to 42.5% but increased in diets containing 50% DDGS. Overall, despite the interactions, increasing DDGS regardless of enzyme inclusion lowered (quadratic, P < 0.01) apparent fecal digestibility of DM, GE, ADF, NDF, and zinc as well as fecal digestibility (linear, P < 0.02) of fat, Ca, and P. Despite the interactions, adding dietary xylanase did not improve digestibility in corn-soybean meal–based diets containing fibrous co-products

Effects of oral administration or feeding of sodium citrate or acetate to pigs on post-mortem glycolysis, pH decline, and pork quality attributes

Swine research, 2005 is known as Swine day, 2005Previous studies have shown that citrate has the potential to inhibit phosphofructokinase (PFK), a key enzyme in post-mortem glycolysis. The objective of our study was to determine the effects of oral administration and feeding of citrate or acetate to pigs on post-mortem glycolysis, pH, and pork quality attributes. In Experiment 1, citrate, acetate, or water was orally administered to 30 pigs 45 min before stunning (electric plus captive bolt). In Experiment 2, citrate or acetate was fed to 30 gilts in 454 g of feed 60 min before stunning. Ante-mortem treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on muscle pH or post mortem concentrations of glycolytic metabolites: glucose- 6 phosphate, fructose-6 phosphate, fructose-1,6 bisphosphate, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, or lactate. Minor, but inconsistent, differences in quality attributes were found in longissimus chops and inside and outside semimembranosus quality attributes among treatments (P>0.05). The reason for the lack of PFK inhibition is not known. Glycolytic-metabolite data indicate that PFK was a main regulatory enzyme in post-mortem muscle

Effects of pre-rigor injection of sodium citrate or acetate, or post-rigor injection of phosphate plus salt, on post-mortem glycolysis, ph decline, and pork quality attributes

Swine research, 2005 is known as Swine day, 2005Forty pork carcass sides were assigned to one of four treatments: pre-rigor citrate (CIT) or acetate (ACE) injection, post-rigor phosphate plus salt (PHOS) injection, and noninjected control (CON). Loins in 20 sides were injected 50 min post-mortem with 4% solutions of CIT or ACE to approximately 110% of projected loin weights, and 10 PHOS-treated loins were injected at 24 h postmortem to 106.6% with a 4.4% PHOS plus 2.2% salt solution. Although CIT increased pH (P<0.05), neither CIT nor ACE altered (P>0.05) glycolytic metabolite concentrations. The pH increase in CIT-injected muscle was most likely due to its buffering ability rather than glycolytic inhibition. Citrate improved tenderness without the detrimental effects on color or flavor found with PHOS plus salt, but neither CIT nor ACE altered glycolytic metabolites or improved firmness, wetness, or fresh visual color over CON. Poor flavor attributes of the ACE treatment will discourage its use as an ingredient for pork enhancement solutions

Effects of oral administration of sodium citrate or acetate to pigs on blood parameters, postmortem glycolysis, muscle pH decline, and quality attributes of pork

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of oral administration of sodium citrate (CIT) or acetate (ACE) to pigs on blood parameters, postmortem glycolysis, pH decline, and quality attributes of pork. Previous studies have shown that CIT has the potential to inhibit phosphofructokinase (PFK), a key enzyme in postmortem muscle glycolysis. In Exp. 1, CIT, ACE, or water was orally administered (0.75 g/kg of BW) to 24 pigs. After a 30-min rest, pigs were exercised, and blood samples were taken at 45 and 75 min after oral treatment. Citrate and ACE tended (P = 0.08) to increase blood pH and increased (P = 0.02) bicarbonate levels immediately after exercise. After a 30-min rest, blood pH of pigs administered ACE tended (P = 0.09) to remain higher, whereas blood pH of CIT-treated pigs was similar to that of control pigs. Bicarbonate levels in ACE- and CIT-treated pigs were still greater (P 0.10) on muscle pH or postmortem concentrations of the glycolytic metabolites of glucose-6 phosphate, fructose-6 phosphate, fructose-1,6 bisphosphate, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, or lactate. Minor, but inconsistent, differences in quality attributes were found in LM chops, and no differences in quality attributes were found between control and CIT- or ACE-treated pigs for inside and outside semimembranosus muscles (P > 0.10). There was no significant inhibition of the PFK enzyme by orally administered CIT or ACE; however, the PFK glycolytic metabolite data analysis indicated that PFK was a main regulatory enzyme in postmortem muscle

The effects of immunocastration and dried distillers grains with solubles withdrawal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid analysis, and iodine value of pork fat depots

A total of 1,360 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 53.0 lb) were used in a 125-d study to determine the effects of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) withdrawal post-immunocastration (IC; Improvest, Pfizer Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI) on growth performance and carcass fat quality of growing-finishing pigs. Pens of pigs were randomly allotted by initial weight and gender (barrows or IC) to 1 of 3 dietary treatments with 8 replications per treatment for a total of 48 pens with 27 to 29 pigs per pen. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with the main effects of gender (barrow or IC) and diet (0% DDGS throughout, 30% DDGS throughout, or 30% DDGS through d 75 then withdrawn to 0% to d 125). Boars were injected with Improvest on d 39 and 74 of the study. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal– based diets and fed in 5 phases. No gender × diet interactions (P > 0.18) were observed except for a tendency for F/G (P < 0.07) during the second phase (d 25 to 53), when 1 of the 2 barrow groups fed 30% DDGS had an increase in ADFI resulting in poorer F/G. For the entire period before the second Improvest injection (d 0 to 74), barrows tended (P < 0.08) to have increased ADG (1.98 vs. 1.95 lb) and increased (P < 0.001) ADFI (4.32 vs. 3.91 lb) but were less efficient (P < 0.001) than boars (2.19 vs. 2.01). During the same time period, pigs fed 30% DDGS had reduced (P < 0.002) ADG and poorer feed efficiency

Effects of lowering dried distillers grains with solubles and wheat middlings with or without the addition of choice white grease prior to marketing on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, carcass fat quality, and intestinal weights

A total of 225 pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 100.1 lb) were used in a 92-d study to determine the effects of withdrawing high-fiber diets 19 d before market on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fat quality, and intestinal weights of finishing pigs. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments (5 or 6 pens/treatment). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial plus control with main effects of added choice white grease (CWG; 0 or 3%) during the withdrawal period (d 73 to 92) and fiber levels of low (corn-soybean meal diet), medium (9.5% wheat middlings [midds] and 15% dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS]), or high (19% midds and 30% DDGS) during the withdrawal period. Pigs were fed high-fiber (19% midds and 30% DDGS) diets from d 0 to 73. Control pigs were fed low-fiber corn-soybean meal diets from d 0 to 92. No CWG × fiber interactions (P > 0.13) occurred except for jowl iodine value (IV), which increased (linear, P < 0.03) with increasing DDGS and midds only when CWG was added to the diet during the withdrawal period. Adding CWG during the withdrawal period (d 73 to 92) improved (P < 0.02) ADG (1.81 vs 1.94 lb/d) and F/G (3.46 vs 3.19), leading to an overall (d 0 to 92) improvement (P < 0.02) in F/G. Carcass yield and backfat depth increased (linear, P < 0.05) when low-fiber diets were fed from d 73 to 92. Pigs fed high levels of DDGS and midds had increased (P < 0.001) jowl IV, with a larger increase when CWG was added. Feeding low levels of DDGS and midds during the withdrawal period decreased (linear, P < 0.01) whole intestine weights, mainly due to the reduction (P < 0.02) in rinsed stomach and full large-intestine weights. Lowering dietary DDGS and midds during a 19-d withdrawal period increased yield through reduced large intestine weight and content and lowered jowl IV. The addition of CWG improved F/G but did not improve carcass characteristics