Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children

This study investigates risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in a population of children in public schools, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. A total of 727 children aged 6 to 11 years old from 12 schools were evaluated between March and June 2008. A form addressing socio-demographic data, body mass index, blood pressure, capillary blood glucose and waist circumference was applied. A total of 54.1% of the children were female, 21.7% were overweight, 6.6% were obese, 27% had central obesity, 6.2% showed altered capillary glucose, and 17% high blood pressure. In relation to risk factors, 53.4% presented no risk factors; 24.3% had at least one factor and 18.8% two risk factors. Nurses can intervene in schools through educational health programs encouraging the adoption of healthy habits and identifying children at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar factores de riesgo para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en una población de niños de escuelas públicas de Fortaleza, Brasil. Fueron evaluadas 727 niños de 6 a 11 años, de 12 escuelas, en los meses de marzo a junio de 2008. Fue aplicado un formulario abordando aspectos sociodemográficos, índice de masa corporal, presión arterial, glucemia capilar y, circunferencia de la cintura. Fue identificado que 54,1% de los sujetos eran del sexo femenino, 21,7% tenían exceso de peso, 27% obesidad central, 6,2% alteraciones en la glucemia y 17,9% presión arterial elevada. En relación a los factores de riesgo, 53,4% no lo presentaban, 24,3% tenían por lo menos un factor y 18,8% dos factores. La enfermería puede actuar en las escuelas por medio de acciones de educación en salud, incentivando la adopción de hábitos de vida saludables y identificando niños con riesgo para diabetes mellitus tipo 2.O estudo teve como objetivo identificar fatores de risco para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 numa população de crianças de escolas públicas de Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. Foram avaliadas 727 crianças de 6 a 11 anos de 12 escolas, nos meses de março a junho de 2008. Foi aplicado formulário abordando aspectos sociodemográficos, índice de massa corporal, pressão arterial, glicemia capilar e circunferência da cintura. Dos sujeitos, 54,1% eram do sexo feminino, 21,7% tinham excesso de peso, 27% obesidade central, 6,2% alterações glicêmicas e 17,9% pressão arterial elevada. Em relação aos fatores de risco, 53,4% não apresentavam, 24,3% tinham pelo menos um fator e 18,8%, dois. A enfermagem pode atuar nas escolas por meio de ações de educação em saúde, incentivando a adoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis e na identificação de crianças com risco para diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Cuticular Compounds Bring New Insight in the Post-Glacial Recolonization of a Pyrenean Area: Deutonura deficiens Deharveng, 1979 Complex, a Case Study

Background: In most Arthropod groups, the study of systematics and evolution rely mostly on neutral characters, in this context cuticular compounds, as non-neutral characters, represent an underexplored but potentially informative type of characters at the infraspecific level as they have been routinely proven to be involved in sexual attraction. Methods and Findings: The collembolan species complex Deutonura deficiens was chosen as a model in order to test the utility of these characters for delineating four infraspecific entities of this group. Specimens were collected for three subspecies (D. d. deficiens, D. d. meridionalis, D. d. sylvatica) and two morphotypes (D. d. sylvatica morphoype A and B) of the complex; an additional species D. monticola was added. Cuticular compounds were extracted and separated by gas chromatography for each individual. Our results demonstrate that cuticular compounds succeeded in separating the different elements of this complex. Those data allowed also the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships among them. Conclusions: The discriminating power of cuticular compounds is directly related to their involvement in sexual attraction and mate recognition. These findings allowed a discussion on the potential involvement of intrinsic and paleoclimatic factors in the origin and the diversification of this complex in the Pyrenean zone. This character type brings the first advanc

Craniofacial characteristics of Caucasian and Afro-Caucasian Brazilian subjects with normal occlusion

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the skeletal, dental and soft tissue characteristics of Caucasian and Afro-Caucasian Brazilian subjects with normal occlusion and to evaluate sexual dimorphism within the groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised lateral cephalograms of untreated normal occlusion subjects, divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 40 Caucasian subjects (20 of each sex), with a mean age of 13.02 years; group 2 included 40 Afro-Caucasian subjects (20 of each sex), with a mean age of 13.02 years. Groups 1 and 2 and males and females within each group were compared with t tests. RESULTS: Afro-Caucasian subjects presented greater maxillary protrusion, smaller upper anterior face height and lower posterior face height, larger upper posterior face height, greater maxillary and mandibular dentoalveolar protrusion as well as soft tissue protrusion than Caucasian subjects. The Afro-Caucasian female subjects had less mandibular protrusion and smaller total posterior facial height and upper posterior facial height than males. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilian Afro-Caucasian subjects have greater dentoalveolar and soft tissue protrusion than Brazilian Caucasian subjects, with slight sexual dimorphism in some variables