Rectifying Public Morals in Interwar Japan

This study of growing restrictions on cafés in Japan during the 1920s and 1930s provides a case study of moral regulation as a form of politics defined in a broad sense. Governmental authorities cracked down on cafés which they perceived to be the source of threats to established social norms and gender roles posed by « modem », Western trends of the 1920s. The repression demonstrates that Japan's prewar crisis was as much domestic and social as it was international and political. The Japanese police had played a social role in moral regulation since the Meiji period (1868-1912), but this was further expanded in the conflict over modernity.Cette étude porte sur les restrictions croissantes imposées aux cafés dans le Japon des années 1920 et 1930. Elle présente un cas de police des mœurs comme un aspect de la politique, au sens large du terme. Les autorités gouvernementales réprimèrent les cafés parce qu'elles voyaient l'origine des menaces que la vogue « moderne » inspirée de l'Occident faisait peser sur les normes sociales et les rôles sexuels établis. La répression montre que la crise japonaise d'avant-guerre était tout autant interne et sociale qu'internationale et politique. La police japonaise intervenait dans la régulation des mœurs depuis l'ère Meiji (1868-1912), mais le conflit relatif à la modernité donna une nouvelle expansion à ce rôle

Globalization and Localization : Social Welfare Policies in Interwar Japan

Globalization, Localization, and Japanese Studies in the Asia-Pacific Region : Past, Present, Future, シドニー大学, 2003年11月10日-13

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Modern Japan

xvii, 297hal, 21 c

The slab geometry laser—Part I: Theory

Abstract-Slab geometry solid-state lasersoffer significant performance improvements over conventional rod geometry lasers. We present a de-tailed theoretical description of the thermal, stress, and beam propaga-tion characteristics of a slab laser. Our analysis includes consideration of the effects of the zig-zag optical path which eliminates thermal and stress focusing and reduces residual birefringence. S I