Análise de interpoladores na geração de mapas de precipitação para o Estado de Mato Grosso.

3. Geopantanal

Energy Demand in Sugarcane Residue Collection and Transportation

Sugarcane production system is in transition, mainly due to its harvesting process. Harvest through burning has been gradually replaced by mechanized processes, providing another by-product to be explored: sugarcane trash. In Brazil, through of the sugarcane trash, São Paulo state itself produces around 210.4 million BOE – barrel of oil equivalent (1,251,952 TJ ), which could supply consumers through cogeneration or for further second generation ethanol. For the sugarcane trash to be collected, mechanized processes are required, such as windrowing, gathering, and transporting. In agricultural production systems, embodied energy is affected by the mechanization level. In order to assess environmental performance by the energy point-of-view, analysis of energy flows provides subsidies for the decision makers. Thus, this study aimed to determine the material and energy flows for sugarcane trash collection and to identify its critical steps. The sugarcane variety grown was RB855113, spaced between rows 1.4 m, in the second cut, and yield of 108 Mg ha-1. The following mechanized operations were evaluated: windrowing, gathering, and transport, using material and energy flow as supporting tools. Regarding the energy balance, sugarcane trash collection system is feasible. Among evaluated operations, gathering is the one that presented higher energy demand. Fuel in harvesting is the main factor that affects energy demand for having sugarcane trash available.   Keywords: material flow, mechanized harvest, bioenergy, biofue

Energy Demand in Agricultural Biomass Production in Parana state, Brazil

Energy flow analysis is an interesting approach to assess and to improve sustainability of agricultural production systems, represented by the economy of energy resources and other inputs translated into energy terms. This type of analysis can complement the economic view contributing to more efficient production systems. Moreover, assessing crops with traditional food use may play an important role in energy provision. Energy efficiency tools were applied in order to determine the energy demand as well as the efficiency of the biomass production of several forage crops in mechanized systems conducted at Paraná state, Brazil. Material flow, input and output energy, energy balance, energy return over investment and embodied energy were used and identified that maize and sorghum were the crops that uses energy in the most efficient way, represented by the best results at net energy availability, profitability and embodied energy at the final product. Oat and ryegrass were the crops the presented the least efficient energy uses in the biomass production systems.   Keywords: Bioenergy, energy indicators, sustainability, embodied energy. &nbsp

Religious experience and aesthetic experience in plastic artists : perspectives from the psychology of religion

Pode a experiência religiosa ser substituída pela experiência estética? Os estudiosos se dividem na resposta. Situando a pergunta no quadro de referência conceitual e epistemológico que distingue entre religião substantiva e religião funcional, levantamos a hipótese de que não há substituição substantiva, mas pode haver substituição funcional entre essas experiências. Levantamos a hipótese ulterior de que a experiência estética pode ser uma experiência do sagrado. As hipóteses foram examinadas com os dados obtidos em entrevistas com oito renomados artistas plásticos, por ocasião da 23ª Bienal de São Paulo, em 1996. Os dados revelaram diferenças, continuidades e analogias entre arte e religião assim como entre arte e sagrado, que permitiram reconhecer em alguns casos substituição funcional da religião pela arte, principalmente se dotada da densidade do sagrado.ABSTRACT Can aesthetic experience replace religious experience? Researchers are quite divided about this issue. From a conceptual and epistemological framework that distinguishes between substantive and functional religion, we formulated the hypothesis that there is not a substantive replacement, but there can be a functional replacement of religious experience by an aesthetic experience. We also considered the additional hypothesis that aesthetic experience can be an experience of the sacred. The hypotheses were examined with the help of interviews with eight well known Brazilian artists, by the time of the 23rd Biennial International Exhibition of Arts of São Paulo, 1996. The data revealed differences, continuities, and analogies between art and religion and between art and the sacred, that allowed to identify in some cases a functional replacement of religion by art, especially if art was endowed with the density of the sacred