196 research outputs found
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Increases Glycemic Variability and Time in Hypoglycemia in Patients With Obesity and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study
OBJECTIVE: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an established treatment for type 2 diabetes and obesity. The study objective was to establish RYGB's effects on glycemic variability (GV) and hypoglycemia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of 10 participants with obesity and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes who underwent RYGB. Patients were studied before RYGB (Pre) and 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years postsurgery with continuous glucose measurement (CGM). A mixed-meal test (MMT) was conducted at Pre, 1 month, and 1 year. RESULTS: After RYGB, mean CGM decreased (at 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years), and GV increased (at 1 year and 2 years). Five of the 10 participants had a percent time in range (%TIR) <3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL) greater than the international consensus target of 1% at 1 or 2 years. Peak glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon area under the curve during MMT were positively and negatively associated, respectively, with contemporaneous %TIR <3.0 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing RYGB are at risk for development of postbariatric hypoglycemia due to a combination of reduced mean glucose, increased GV, and increased GLP-1 response
The Distribution of Fecal Contamination in an Urbanized Tropical Lake and Incidence of Acute Diarrheal Disease
Aquatic ecosystems of tropical countries are vulnerable to fecal contamination that could cause spikes in the
incidences of acute diarrheal disease (ADD) and challenge public health management systems. Vembanad lake, situated along the southwest coast of India, was monitored for one year (2018−2019). Escherichia coli, an indicator of fecal contamination, was prevalent in the lake throughout the year. Multiple antibiotic resistance among more than 50% of the E. coli isolates adds urgency to the need to control this contamination. The high abundance of E. coli and incidence of ADD were recorded during the early phase of
the southwest monsoon (June−July), prior to the once-in-a-century floods that affected the region in the later phase (August). The extent of inundation in the low-lying areas peaked in August, but E. coli in the water peaked in July, suggesting that contamination occurred even prior to extreme flooding. During the COVID-19-related lockdown in March−May 2021, fecal contamination in the lake and incidence of ADD reached minimum values. These results indicate the need for improving sewage treatment facilities and city planning in flood-prone areas to avoid the mixing of septic sewage with natural waters during extreme climate events or even
during the normal monsoon
What is the effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical therapies in the treatment of ischemic priapism in patients with sickle cell disease? A systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Panel
The authors acknowledge the participants for their cooperation Conflict of Interest: None of the authors declare any interest. Formatting of funding sources: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Peer reviewedPostprin
Maca (L. meyenii) for improving sexual function: a systematic review
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Maca (<it>Lepidium meyenii</it>) is an Andean plant of the brassica (mustard) family. Preparations from maca root have been reported to improve sexual function. The aim of this review was to assess the clinical evidence for or against the effectiveness of the maca plant as a treatment for sexual dysfunction.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We searched 17 databases from their inception to April 2010 and included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of any type of maca <it/>compared to a placebo for the treatment of healthy people or human patients with sexual dysfunction. The risk of bias for each study was assessed using Cochrane criteria, and statistical pooling of data was performed where possible. The selection of studies, data extraction, and validations were performed independently by two authors. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion by the two authors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Four RCTs met all the inclusion criteria. Two RCTs suggested a significant positive effect of maca on sexual dysfunction or sexual desire in healthy menopausal women or healthy adult men, respectively, while the other RCT failed to show any effects in healthy cyclists. The further RCT assessed the effects of maca in patients with erectile dysfunction using the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction-5 and showed significant effects.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results of our systematic review provide limited evidence for the effectiveness of maca in improving sexual function. However, the total number of trials, the total sample size, and the average methodological quality of the primary studies were too limited to draw firm conclusions. More rigorous studies are warranted.</p
Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae in a Typical Tropical Lake and Estuarine System: Potential of Remote Sensing for Risk Mapping
Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium responsible for the disease cholera, is a naturally-occurring
bacterium, commonly found in many natural tropical water bodies. In the context of the U.N. Sus�tainable Development Goals (SDG) targets on health (Goal 3), water quality (Goal 6), life under water
(Goal 14), and clean water and sanitation (Goal 6), which aim to “ensure availability and sustain�able management of water and sanitation for all”, we investigated the environmental reservoirs
of V. cholerae in Vembanad Lake, the largest lake in Kerala (India), where cholera is endemic. The
response of environmental reservoirs of V. cholerae to variability in essential climate variables may
play a pivotal role in determining the quality of natural water resources, and whether they might
be safe for human consumption or not. The hydrodynamics of Vembanad Lake, and the man-made
barrier that divides the lake, resulted in spatial and temporal variability in salinity (1–32 psu) and
temperature (23 to 36 ◦C). The higher ends of this salinity and temperature ranges fall outside the
preferred growth conditions for V. cholerae reported in the literature. The bacteria were associated
with filtered water as well as with phyto- and zooplankton in the lake. Their association with benthic
organisms and sediments was poor to nil. The prevalence of high laminarinase and chitinase enzyme
expression (more than 50 µgmL−1 min−1
) among V. cholerae could underlie their high association
with phyto- and zooplankton. Furthermore, the diversity in the phytoplankton community in the
lake, with dominance of genera such as Skeletonema sp., Microcystis sp., Aulacoseira sp., and Anabaena
sp., which changed with location and season, and associated changes in the zooplankton community,
could also have affected the dynamics of the bacteria in the lake. The probability of presence or
absence of V. cholerae could be expressed as a function of chlorophyll concentration in the water,
which suggests that risk maps for the entire lake can be generated using satellite-derived chlorophyll
data. In situ observations and satellite-based extrapolations suggest that the risks from environmental
V. cholerae in the lake can be quite high (with probability in the range of 0.5 to 1) everywhere in the
lake, but higher values are encountered more frequently in the southern part of the lake. Remote
sensing has an important role to play in meeting SDG goals related to health, water quality and life
under water, as demonstrated in this example related to cholera
Modulation of Syndecan-1 Shedding after Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation
The early use of fresh frozen plasma as a resuscitative agent after hemorrhagic shock has been associated with improved survival, but the mechanism of protection is unknown. Hemorrhagic shock causes endothelial cell dysfunction and we hypothesized that fresh frozen plasma would restore endothelial integrity and reduce syndecan-1 shedding after hemorrhagic shock. A prospective, observational study in severely injured patients in hemorrhagic shock demonstrated significantly elevated levels of syndecan-1 (554±93 ng/ml) after injury, which decreased with resuscitation (187±36 ng/ml) but was elevated compared to normal donors (27±1 ng/ml). Three pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferon-γ, fractalkine, and interleukin-1β, negatively correlated while one anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, positively correlated with shed syndecan-1. These cytokines all play an important role in maintaining endothelial integrity. An in vitro model of endothelial injury then specifically examined endothelial permeability after treatment with fresh frozen plasma orlactated Ringers. Shock or endothelial injury disrupted junctional integrity and increased permeability, which was improved with fresh frozen plasma, but not lactated Ringers. Changes in endothelial cell permeability correlated with syndecan-1 shedding. These data suggest that plasma based resuscitation preserved endothelial syndecan-1 and maintained endothelial integrity, and may help to explain the protective effects of fresh frozen plasma after hemorrhagic shock
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