Assessment Of Visual Health Campaign Activities At Schools - Teachers' Perception

Purpose: 1) To assess the opinion of teachers involved in visual screening of school-age children and their referral to ophthalmologic examination within the "Eye-to-Eye National Campaign for Visual Disorders Prevention and Rehabilitation" (Campanha Nacional de Prevenção e Reabilitação Visual Olho no Olho); 2) To identify the teachers' perception with respect to the training received for conducting the campaign. Methods: A descriptive study has been conducted, based on data recorded from the application of a questionnaire to 1,517 elementary school teachers working in public schools in 27 Brazilian states. The following items were examined: received orientation, use of educational videos and handbooks, supplied explanations, difficulties, questions and overall campaign assessment. Results: 82.0% of the teachers stated they had received orientation and 92.0% stated they had read the "Teacher Orientation Manual", Among those who received orientation, 47.0% stated it had been supplied by school officials; 30.0%, by healthcare agents, and 23.0% by ophthalmologists. In the self-assessment of performance, 58.0% reported no difficulties; 32.0% reported questions concerning the campaign activities and the professionals who most frequently asked to provide clarification were those from the State Education Agency (38.0%), followed by the school director (20,0%), Conclusions: Most teachers considered themselves adequately trained and oriented to take part in the campaign. Teachers' training was provided by administrative officials, previously trained by ophthalmologists ("multiplying effect") and the small percentage of questions raised indicated the validity of the procedure. Concerns have been raised as to the information about the ophthalmologic examination, transportation of the children and delivery of glasses. This kind of program always presents some difficulties and requires adjustments. It should, indeed, be improved, perhaps through a closer involvement of the community and families during its development.702239245Krueguer EA. Prevenção da cegueira na infância. Planejamento. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 1969;32(1):23-5Toledo, S.A., (1938) Cooperação da escola primária no combate ao tracoma, pp. 134-138. , São Paulo: Revista Os Tribunais;Castro, R.S., Correção óptica em escolares e condição de uso dos óculos. [tese (2001), Campinas: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas;Kara-José, N., Ferrarini, M.L., Temporini, E.R., Avaliação do desenvolvimento do plano de oftalmologia sanitária escolar em três anos de sua aplicação no Estado de São Paulo (1977) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 40 (1), pp. 9-15Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia: 60 anos de CBOlivro demonstrativogestão 1999-2001. São Paulo:CBO2001Alves, M.R., Kara-José, N., Manual de Orientação ao professor (1998) Campanha Nacional de Reabilitação Visual "Olho no Olho", , São Paulo: Impresa Oficial;Oliveira, R.C.S., José, N.K., Arieta, C.E.L., Manual da boa visão do escolar: Solucionando dúvidas sobre o olho e a visão (2001) São PauloBrasília: Conselho Regional de Oftalmologia, , Ministério da Educação;Brasileiro de Oftalmologia, C., Ofício - CBO da Campanha "Olho no Olho (2001) Quadro analítico dos resultados finais e parciais 2001, , São Paulo: CBO;José, N.K., organizador, (1996) Prevenção da cegueira por catarata, pp. 55-80. , Campinas: Unicamp;Kara-Jos, C., Gonçalves, E.R., Carvalho, R.S., organizadores, (2006) Olho no olho: Campanha nacional de prevenção à cegueira e reabilitação visual do escolar, , Rio de Janeiro: Cultura Médica;Temporini, E.R., Kara-José, N., Rigolizzo, H.B., Envolvimento de pessoal da comunidade em projeto de detecção de ambliopia em pré-escolares (1983) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 46 (3), pp. 85-89Alves, M.R., Temporini, E.R., Kara-José, N., Atendimento oftalmológico de escolares do sistema público de ensino no município de São Paulo: Aspectos médico-sociais (2000) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 63 (5), pp. 359-363Russ, H.H.A., Temporini, E.R., Kara-José, N., Impacto da Campanha Olho no Olho em escolas de ensino fundamental: Percepção do pessoal de ensino (2004) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 67 (2), pp. 311-321Temporini, E.R., Kara-José, N., Taiar, A., Ferrarini, M.L., Validade da aferição da. acuidade visual realizada pelo professor em escolares de 1a a 4a séries de primeiro grau de uma escola pública do município de São Paulo, Brasil (1977) Rev Saúde Pública, 11, pp. 229-237Brasileiro de Oftalmologia, C., (1998) Ofício CBO: "Orientações Gerais aos Coordenadores Estaduais, Municipais e demais participantes da Campanha", , São Paulo: CBO;Temporini, E.R., Percepção de professores do sistema de ensino do Estado de São Paulo sobre seu preparo em saúde do escolar (1988) Rev Saúde Pública, 22 (5), pp. 411-421Cavalcante, S.M., José, N.K., Temporini, E.R., Percepção de pais de escolares da 1a série do ensino fundamental a respeito da campanha Olho no Olho 2000, na cidade de Maceió-Alagoas (2004) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 67 (1), pp. 87-91Abud, A.B., Ottaiano, J.A.A., Aspectos socioeconômicos que influenciam no comparecimento ao exame oftalmológico de escolares com alterações visuais (2004) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 67 (5), pp. 773-77

Effectiveness Of Visual Screening In Elementary Schools - Educators' Perception [impacto Da Campanha Olho No Olho Em Escolas De Ensino Fundamental - Percepção Do Pessoal De Ensino]

Purposes: To identify knowledge of educators before visual screening training. 2) To identify educator perceptions about quality of training. 3) To identify benefits and compliance with the campaign. Methods: Analytical transversal survey. Public schools of Curitiba-PR. Self-application of questionnaire. Results: Of the 89% interviewed people, only 13% were school teachers. The global training was considered good by 85.9%. All teachers had more than 10 years of teaching activities. The teachers asked for more information in a future training about how to manage children whose treatment was necessary (59.3%). Of the screened children, 94.2% were seen by the doctors and 84.9% had prescriptions for spectacles. Of these, 85.7% improved their learning performance. The health agent (36.1%) and the ophthalmologist (29.7%) were taught to be responsible for the visual screening; only 0.9% considered this a teacher's duty. About 50.5% of parents participated in the activities of the campaign, and the majority justified abstention due to their work (68.5%) besides the lack of knowledge about visual difficulties of their children (50%). Conclusions: 1) The educators had a satisfactory knowledge about visual screening. 2) Visual training was considered good, but additional information is necessary. 3) There were improvement of learning, parents' compliance was good and the number of children seen by doctors was excellent.672311321Kara-José, N., Carvalho, K.M.M., Caldato, R., Pereira, V.L., Oliveira, A.M., Fonseca Neto, J.C., Atendimento de amblíopes e prevalência na população pré-escolar, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil (1984) Bol Oficina Sanit Panam, 96, pp. 31-37Thylefors, B., Négrel, A.D., Parajasegaran, R., Dadzie, K.Y., Global data on blindness (1995) Bull Word Health Organ, 73, pp. 115-121Kara-José, N., Almeida, G.V., Arieta, C.E., Araújo, J.S., Bechara, S.J., Oliveira, P.R., Causas de defici6encia visual em crianças (1980) Bol Oficina Sanit Panam, 97, pp. 405-412Temporini, E.R., Aspectos do plano de oftalmologia sanitária escolar do estado e São Paulo (1982) Rev Saúde Pública, 16, pp. 243-260Burns, M.J., Building a priority for national vision health care (1973) Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon, 52, pp. 353-356Michaels, D., Indications for prescribing spectacles (1981) Surv Ophthalmol, 26, pp. 55-74Newman, D.K., Hitchcock, A., McCarthy, H., Keast-Butler, J., Moore, A.T., Preschool vision screening:outcome of children referred to the hospital eye service (1996) Br J Opthalmol, 80, pp. 1077-1082Vital-Durand, F., Ayzac, L., Tackling amblyopia in human infants (1996) Eye, 10 (PT. 2), pp. 239-244Gasparetto, M.E.R.F., (1997) A Criança Com Baixa Visão e o Desempenho Escolar: Caracterização do Uso do Resíduo Visual [tese], , Campinas: Universidade Estadual de CampinasOliveira, R.C.S., Kara-José, N., Arieta, C.E.L., (2000) Manual da Boa Visão do Escolar, , São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial do Estado;Attebo, K., Mitchell, P., Cumming, R., Smith, W., Jolly, N., Sparkes, R., Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in an adult population (1998) Ophthalmology, 105, pp. 154-159Limburg, H., Vaidyanathan, K., Dalal, H.P., Cost-effective screening of schoolchildren for refractive errors (1995) World Health Forum, 16, pp. 173-178Lennerstrand, G., Jakobsson, P., Kvarnstrom, G., Screening for ocular dysfunction in children: Approaching a common program (1995) Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 214 (SUPPL.), pp. 26-38. , discussion p. 39-40Simons, K., Preschool vision screening: Rationale methodology and outcome (1996) Surv Ophthalmol, 41, pp. 3-30Preslan, N.W., Novak, A., Baltimore vision screening project-phase 2 (1996) Ophthalmology, 105, pp. 150-153Preslan, N.W., Novak, A., Baltimore vision screening project (1998) Ophthalmol, 103, pp. 105-109(1984) Strategies for the Preventions of Blindness in National Programs - A Primary Health Care Approach, , World Health Organization, Geneva: WHO;Alves, M.R., Kara-José, N., Manual de Orientação ao professor (2000) Campanha Nacional de Reabilitação Visual Olho no Olho, p. 40. , São Paulo: CBO;Wasserman, R.C., Croft, C.A., Brotherton, S.E., Preschool vision screening in pediatric practice: A study from the pediatric research in office settings (PROS) Network (1992) American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics, 89 (5 PT. 1), pp. 834-838Temporini, E.R., Kara-José, N., Taiar, A., Validade da aferição da acuidade visual realizada pelo professor em escolares de 1 a a 4 a série do primeiro grau de uma escola pública do município de São Paulo, Brasil (1997) Rev Saúde Pública, (11), pp. 229-237Macchiaverni, N., Kara-José, N., Rueda, G., Levantamento oftalmológico em escolares da primeira a quarta séries do primeiro grau na cidade de Paulínia, São Paulo (1979) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 42, pp. 289-294Kara-José, N., Temporini, E.R., Avaliação dos critérios de triagem visual de escolares de primeira série do primeiro grau (1980) Rev Saúde Publica, 14, pp. 205-214Newman, D.K., East, M.M., Prevalence of amblyopia among defaulters of preschool vision screening (2000) Ophthalmic Epidemiol, 7, pp. 67-71Ingram, R.M., Holland, W.W., Walker, C., Wilson, J.M., Arnold, P.E., Dally, S., Screening for visual defects in preschool children (1986) Br J Ophthalmol, 70, pp. 16-21Elston, J., Preschool visual screening (1995) Br J Ophthalmol, 79, pp. 1063-1065(1995) Br J Ophthalmol, 79, pp. 1068-1073. , commented onWilliamson, T.H., Andrews, R., Dutton, G.N., Murray, G., Graham, N., Assessment of an inner city visual screening programme for preschool children [commented on Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:1063-4] (1995) Br J Ophthalmol, 79, pp. 1068-1073Ciner, E.B., Dobson, V., Schmidt, P.P., Allen, D., Cyert, L., Maguire, M., A survey of vision screening policy of preschool children in the United States (1999) Surv Opthalmol, 43, pp. 445-457Temporini, E.R., Percepção de professores do sistema de ensino do Estado de São Paulo sobre seu preparo em saúde do escolar (1988) Rev Saúde Pública, 22, pp. 411-42

Perception By The Parents Of School Children In The 1st Elementary Series About The " Olho No Olho " Campaign - 2000, In The City Of Maceió - Alagoas [percepção De Pais De Escolares Da 1a Série Do Ensino Fundamental A Respeito Da Campanha "olho No Olho" 2000, Na Cidade De Maceió - Alagoas]

Purpose: To describe the Ocular Health Campaign ("Olho no Olho" - 2000), as perceived by parents of schoolchildren who study at Alagoas State public schools, in the city of Maceió. Methods: Questionnaires were applied to 263 parents of the school children, chosen at random from a group of 1996 children referred to attendance. Interviews were done between August and October 2001 in order to collect data and the opinions about the stages of the Campaign, ocular health and the social aspects of the parents. Results: The parents of 263 children referred to appointment were interviewed, of which 89.35% were present at the appointment and 82.98% were accompanied by the interviewed parent; 82.13% of the examinations were performed through a special gratuitous work regimen in a school of the region; 73.85% considered satisfactory the information given about the prescription or non-prescription of glasses, at time of appointments. Glasses were prescribed for 47.23% of the children, of which 87.39% received the glasses; 65.77% of the interviewed parents stated that there was no delay in the delivery of the glasses; 69.07% stated that their child liked the received glasses and 79.38% of the children were wearing the glasses. The Campaign was approved by 91.64% of the interviewed parents; 69.96% were the children's mothers and 66.92% could read. The family income was up to R$ 300 in 71.86% of the interviewed parents; 15.59% of the interviewed wore glasses. Of the 10.65% of subjects who were not present at the appointment, 28.57% alleged lack of money for transportation. Conclusions: Good presence of children and their parents at examinations in the special gratuitous work regimen. The parents were satisfied with the Campaign. The production and delivery of glasses was accomplished with satisfactory results. The target population is destitute and they have a low educational level. We suggest that the families of the schoolchildren are better advised about ocular health and the prescription of glasses at the examination.6718791(1979) Guidelines for Programmes for the Prevention of Blindness, , World Health Organization, Geneva: WHOTemporini, E.R., Promoção da saúde ocular (1999) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 62, pp. 82-84Verdaguer, T.J., One world, one voice, one vision [editorial] (1998) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 61, pp. 5-6Sommer, A., Organizing to prevent third world blindness (1989) Am J Ophthalmol, 108, pp. 466-467. , commented on(1989) Am J Ophthalmol, 107, pp. 544-546Dandona, R., Dandona, L., Refractive error blindness (2001) Bull Word Health Organ, 79, pp. 237-243Alves, M.R., Kara José, N., Manual de orientação ao professor (2000) Campanha Nacional de Reabilitação Visual "Olho no Olho", , Patrocinado pelo Ministério da Educação/FNDE. São Paulo: Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia2001Kara José, N., Alves, M.R., Manual de orientação ao professor (2001) Campanha Nacional de Reabilitação Visual "Olho no Olho", , Patrocinado pelo Ministério da Educação/FNDE. São Paulo: Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia2002Ávila, M., (2000) Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia, , comemoração dos 60 anos. São Paulo: CBOTemporini, E.R., Ação preventiva em problemas visuais de escolares. (1984) Rev Saúde Pública, 18, pp. 259-262Blum, H., Design and evaluation of a vision-screening program for elementary school children (1959) Am J Public Health, 49, pp. 1670-1681Lippman, O., Eye screening (1962) Arch Ophthalmol, 68, pp. 692-706Kara José, N., Temporini, E.R., Avaliação de critérios de triagem de escolares de primeira série do primeiro grau. (1980) Rev Saúde Pública, 14, pp. 205-214Kara José, N., Ferrarini, M.L., Temporini, E.R., Avaliação do desenvolvimento do plano de oftalmologia sanitária escolar em três anos de sua aplicação no Estado de São Paulo. (1977) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 40, pp. 9-15Candeias, N.M.F., Conceitos de educação e de promoção em saúde: Mudanças individuais e mudanças organizacionais. (1997) Rev Saúde Pública, 31, pp. 209-213Alves, M.R., Kara José, N., (1998) Manual de Orientação, , Campanha Veja Bem. Brasil, São Paulo: Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia1998Oliveira, R.C.S., Kara José, N., Arieta, C.E.L., (2000) Manual da Boa Visão do Escolar - Solucionando Dúvidas Sobre o Olho e a Visão, , São Paulo: Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia(2000) Relatórios Finais Das Atividades da Campanha "Olho no Olho". 1999/2000, , Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia, São Paulo: CBONizetic, B., Perspectives in ophthalmology. A public health point of view (1973) Can J Ophthalmol, 8, pp. 311-316Davidson, D.W., The future of vision screening (1977) Am J Optom Assoc, 48, pp. 469-476Kara José, N., Holzchuh, N., Temporini, E.R., Vícios de refração em escolares da cidade de São Paulo (1984) Brasil. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam, 96, pp. 326-332Castro, R.S., (2001) Correção óptica em Escolares e Condições de Uso Dos óculos [tese], , Campinas: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UnicampSaid, M.E., Goldstein, H., Korra, A., El-Kashalan, K., Visual acuity and field of vision of urban and rural egyptians (1969) Public Health Rep, 84, pp. 955-964Alves, M.R., Temporini, E.R., Kara-José, N., Atendimento oftalmológico de escolares do sistema público de ensino no município de São Paulo - Aspectos mé dicosociais. (2000) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 63, pp. 359-363(2002) PNAD - Pesquisa Nacional Por Amostragem de Domicílio. Síntese de Indicadores, , Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Rio de Janeiro: IBG

Ocular Health Promotion At School: The Teacher's Perception Of Refractive Errors In The Eye [promo̧ão Da Saúde Ocular Na Escola: Percep̧õ Es De Professores Sobre Erros De Refra̧ão]

Purpose: Identification of the perception that teachers belonging to the public education system have concerning the refractive errors in the eye occurring at school age in order to subside training programs for teachers aiming at the detection of, and subsequent assistance to, ophthalmic problems in schoolchildren. Methods: A transversal study carried out with a population of first-degree elementary school teachers, covering all public schools of the southern region of São Paulo, Brazil. A structured questionnaire based on an exploratory story was handed out. Results: The population comprised 545 subjects distributed among 120 elementary schools. The average age of the population was 37.8 years, with an average length of teaching time of 13.2 years. The majority of them (67.4%) did not receive orientation on ocular health in the last three years. The teachers distinguished more accurately the symptoms of myopia (70.8%) than those of hyperopia (42.9%) and astigmatism (40.9%). A significant number (48.5%) of them pointed out signals and behaviors indicative of the presence myopia in schoolchildren; 40.9% indicated difficulties in reading and writing in hyperope children without optical correction. "Blurred vision" (45.4%) and disinterest for activities demanding visual effort (40.9%) were the most indicated manifestations in astigmatic children. All refractive errors in the eye were classified as very serious disorders by the teachers. Conclusion: Distorted and/or insufficient knowledge was disclosed among elementary school teachers, about refractive errors occuring at school age.645395400Verdaguer, T.J., One world, one voice, one vision (1998) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 61, pp. 5-6Kara-José, N., Alves, M.R., Problemas oftalmológicos mais freqüentes em escolares (1994) Saúde Escolar: A Criança, a Vida e a Escola, pp. 195-203. , Conceição JAN. coordenadora. São Paulo: SarvierTemporini, E.R., Prevenção de problemas visuais de escolares: Conduta de professores do sistema de ensino do Estado de São Paulo (1990) Rev Bras Saúde Esc, 1, pp. 68-75. , Brasil(1998) Campanha Veja Bem Brasil - 1998: Manual de Orientação, , Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia. São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial do EstadoKara-José, N., Temporini, E.R., Avaliação dos critérios de triagem visual de escolares de 1a série do 1° grau (1980) Rev Saúde Pública, 14, pp. 205-214Alves, M.R., Kara-José, N., (1996) O Olho e a Visão: O Que Fazer Pela Saúde Ocular de Nossas Crianças, p. 151. , Petrópolis: VozesPiovesan, A., Temporini, E.R., Pesquisa exploratória: Procedimento metodológico para o estudo de fatores humanos no campo da saúde pública (1995) Rev Saúde Pública, 29, pp. 318-325(1976) Plano de Oftalmologia Sanitária Escolar, , Comissão Conjunta da Secretaria da Saúde e da Educação, São Paulo (Estado). São Paulo: Serviço de Oftalmologia Sanitária do Instituto de SaúdeTemporini, E.R., Promoção da saúde ocular (1999) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 62, pp. 82-84Briceño-Leon, R., Siete tesis sobre la educacion sanitária para la participacion comunitária (1996) Cad Saúde Pública, 12, pp. 7-30Armond, J.E., Temporini, E.R., Crenças sobre saúde ocular entre professores do sistema público de ensino no município de São Paulo - SP, Brasil (2000) Rev Saúde Pública, 34, pp. 9-14Temporini, E.R., Percepção de professores do Estado de São Paulo, sobre seu preparo em saúde do escolar (1988) Rev Saúde Pública, 22, pp. 411-42

Optical Aids For Low Vision: Use Of The Internet To Guide Teachers Of The Visually Impaired

Purposes: To describe and interpret teachers' opinions about and responsiveness to guidance on optical aids for low vision. Methods: It was conducted a cross-sectional analytical study. The convenience, non-random sample consisted of 58 teachers from the public school network of the city of Campinas. It was constructed and applied a structured questionnaire, available online at the assessed website. For qualitative data collection it was conducted an exploratory study using the focus group technique. Results: Responses expressed, for the most part, a marked interest in the website, its easiness of access, and the comprehensive nature of the information provided. Most people reported frequent use of the Internet to seek information, and found it easier to access the Internet at home. Among the qualitative aspects of the evaluation, we should mention the perceived importance of the website as a source of information, despite some criticism about the accessibility and reliability of the information found on the Internet. Conclusion: Teachers' need for training to deal with visually impaired students and their positive response to advice and information lead to the conclusion that web-based guidelines on the use of optical aids were considered beneficial to ease the understanding of visual impairment and the rehabilitation of the affected subjects.753166169(2003) Consultation development of Standards for characterization of visual loss and visual functioning, , World Health Organization. Genève: WHO;Carvalho, K.M., Monteiro, G.B., Rodrigues, I.C., Shiroma, L.O., Amaral, M.S., Causes of low vision and use of optical aids in the elderly (2004) Rev Hosp Clín Fac Med S. Paulo., 59 (4), pp. 157-160Carvalho, K.M., Gasparetto, M.E., Venturini, N.H., Kara-José, N., (2002) Visão subnormal: orientações ao professor do ensino regular, , 3a ed. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp;Scientific and Cultural Organization (1994) Salamanca Declaration and framework of action, p. 47. , United Nations Educational, Geneva: UNESCOAlves, C.C., Monteiro, G.B., Rabello, S., Gasparetto, M.E., Carvalho, K.M., Assistive technology applied to education of students with visual impairment (2009) Rev Panam Salud Publica., 26 (2), pp. 148-152Monteiro, G.B., Temporini, E.R., Carvalho, K.M., Use of optical aids by visually impaired students: social and cultural factors (2006) Arq Bras Oftalmol., 69 (4), pp. 503-507Mercer, D., Project VISION: An experiment in effective pedagogy for delivering pre-service training to professionals in visual impairment through distance education (2004) Teacher Education and Special Education. J Teach Educ., 27, pp. 68-74Steele, R., Mummery, K.W., Dwyer, T., Development and process evaluation of an in ter- net-based physical activity behavior change program (2007) Patient Educ Couns., 67 (1-2), pp. 127-136Ferney, S.L., Marshall, A.L., Website physical activity interventions: preferences of poten- tial users (2006) Health Educ Res., 21 (4), pp. 560-566Nordqvist, C., Harberger, L., Timpka, T., Nordfeldt, S., Health professionals' attitudes towards using a web 2.0 portal for child and adolescent diabetes care: qualitative study (2009) J Med Internet Res., 11 (2), pp. e12Montilha, R.C., Temporini, E.R., Nobre, M.I., Gasparetto, M.E., Kara-José, N., Utilization of optical devices and equipments by students with visual impairment (2006) Arq Bras Oftalmol., 69 (2), pp. 207-211Turato, E.R., Qualitative and quantitative methods in health: definitions, differences and research subjects (2005) Rev Saúde Pública., 39 (3), pp. 507-514Lenhart, A., The ever-shifting Internet population [Internet] (2003) Pew Internet & American Life Project, , http://www.pewinternet.org, April 16, [cited 2011 Jun 21]. Available from:Graham, A.L., Abrams, D.B., Reducing the cancer burden of lifestyle factors: opportunities and challenges of the Internet (2005) J Med Internet Res., 7 (3), pp. e26Janiszewski, R., Heath-Watson, S., Semidey, A.Y., Rosenthal, A.M., Do, Q., The low visibility of low vision: increasing awareness through public health education (2006) J Vis Impair Blind, (SUPPL.), pp. 849-861. , SpecialCorn, A.L., Hatlen, P., Ponchillia, P.E., On the future of the field of education of students with visual impairments (2007) J Vis Impair Blind., 101 (2), pp. 741-743Huebner, K.M., Wiener, W.R., Distance Education in 2001 (2001) J Vis Impair Blind., 95 (9), p. 517Hubley, J., Gilbert, G., Eye health promotion and the prevention of blin dness in developing countries: critical issues (2006) Br J Ophthalmol., 90 (3), pp. 279-284Street, A.F., Swift, K., Annells, M., Woodruff, R., Gliddon, T., Okley, A., Developing a web- based information resource for palliative care: an action-research inspired approach (2007) BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, pp. 7-2

Relationship Between High-order Aberrations And Age And Between High-order Aberrations And Refraction Errors [aberrações De Alta Ordem: Associação Com A Idade E Erros De Refração]

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between high-order aberrations and refractive errors, and between high-order aberrations and age. Methods: An analytic retrospective study of patients that underwent aberrometry examination was conducted. All subjects examined with LadarWave® aberrometer at the Hospital de Olhos do Paraná from April 2004 to April 2005 were included in this study. The major inclusion criterion was 20/20 or better - corrected or not - visual acuity; and the major exclusion criterion, the presence of previous eye surgery or disease. The following variables were analyzed: age, refraction, spherical equivalent, and high-order aberrations wich were: coma, spherical aberration, others, and high-order root mean square (RMS). All data were obtained by LadarWave® aberrometry examination, under cycloplegia, utilizing only 6.5 mm pupil results. High-order aberrations up to eight order Zernike's coefficients were evaluated. Patients were divided into 6 groups according to refraction error and into 3 groups according to age. Results: Two hundred and one of 312 eyes were studied. The mean age was 33.9 ± 10.1, varying from 7 to 62 years of age. Among the refraction error groups hyperopic patients with less than -0.75 D astigmatism (Group 5) showed a higher amount of spherical aberration, and hyperopic patients with more than -0.75 D astigmatism (Group 6) showed a higher amount of other and high-order RMS aberrations. In the general comparison between the age groups, the 45 or older group (Group C) showed a higher amount of all the analyzed aberrations. Conclusion: a) There was a statistically significant positive relationship between hyperopia - with or without astigmatism - and spherical aberration and high-order RMS. b) There was a statistically significant positive relationship between age and all analyzed aberrations.702290297Matsushima, E.H., Ribeiro Filho, N.P., Silva, J.A., Limites da percepção visual humana (2003) Alves MR, Chamon W, Nosé W, organizadores, Cirurgia refrativa, pp. 87-94. , Rio de Janeiro: Cultura Médica;Thibos, L.N., Applegate, R.A., Assessment of optical quality (2001) Customized corneal ablation, pp. 67-79. , MacRae SM, Krueger RR, Applegate RA, editors, New Jersey: Slack;Jankov, M., Schor, P., Chamon, W., Analisadores de frente de onda (2003) Alves MR, Chamon W, Nosé W, organizadores. Cirurgia refrativa, pp. 183-191. , Rio de Janeiro: Cultura Médica;Liang, J., Grimm, B., Goelz, S., Bille, J.F., Objective measurement of wave aberrations of the human eye with the use of a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor (1994) J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis, 11 (7), pp. 1949-1957Howland, H.C., Howland, B., A subjective method for the measurement of monochromatic aberrations of the eye (1977) J Opt Soc Am, 67 (11), pp. 1508-1518Mrochen, M., Kaemmerer, M., Mierdel, P., Krinke, H.E., Seiler, T., Principles of Tscherning aberrometry (2000) J Refract Surg, 16 (5), pp. S570-S571Walsh, G., Charman, W.N., Measurement of the axial wavefront aberration of the human eye (1985) Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 5 (1), pp. 23-31Walsh, G., Cox, M.J., A new computerised video-aberroscope for the determination of the aberration of the human eye (1995) Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 15 (5), pp. 403-408McLellan, J.S., Marcos, S., Burns, S.A., Age-related changes in monochromatic wave aberrations of the human eye (2001) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 42 (6), pp. 1390-1395Cheng, X., Bradley, A., Hong, X., Thibos, L.N., Relationship between refractive error and monochromatic aberrations of the eye (2003) Optom Vis Sci, 80 (1), pp. 43-49Simonet, P., Hamam, H., Brunette, I., Campbell, M., Influence of ametropia on the optical quality of the human eye [abstract] (1999) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 40 (4), pp. S448Marcos S, Moreno-Barriuso E, Llorente L, Navarro R, Barbaro S. Do myopic eyes suffer from large amounts of aberration? Proceedings of the 8th. International Congress on Myopia. 2000;(8):118-21Paquin, M.P., Hamam, H., Simonet, P., Objective measurement of optical aberrations in myopic eyes (2002) Optom Vis Sci, 79 (5), pp. 285-291Calver, R.I., Cox, M.J., Elliott, D.B., Effect of aging on the monochromatic aberrations of the human eye (1999) J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis, 16 (9), pp. 2069-2078Guirao, A., Redondo, M., Artal, P., Optical aberrations of the human cornea as a function of age (2000) J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis, 17 (10), pp. 1697-1702Artal, P., Berrio, E., Guirao, A., Piers, P., Contribution of the cornea and internal surfaces to the change of ocular aberrations with age (2002) J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis, 19 (1), pp. 137-143Harrison, J.M., Applegate, R.A., Yates, J.T., Ballentine, C., Contrast sensitivity and disability glare in the middle years (1993) J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis, 10 (8), pp. 1849-1855Hersh, P.S., Steinert, R.F., Brint, S.F., Photorefractive keratectomy versus laser in situ keratomileusis: Comparison of optical side effects (2000) Summit PRK-LASIK Study Group, 107 (5), pp. 925-93

Knowledge On Ocular Health Among University Hospital Staff [conhecimentos Sobre Saúde Ocular Entre Profissionais De Um Hospital Universitário]

Design of the study: Observational/exploratory survey. Objective: To verify knowledge on ocular health among university hospital staff. Methodology: An open questionnaire on ocular diseases (cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and procedures on chemical burn) was applied to health personnel. Results: The sample was composed by 122 individuals: 30 senior nurses (24.6%), 52 nursing assistants (42.6%), 24 administrative workers (19.7%), and 16 employees working in the ophthalmologic clinic (13.1%). They have shown knowledge on what caratact means (83.3% of the nurses and 75.0% of the ophthalmology staff). Among groups who belong to other areas differentfrom ophthalmology, was misunderstood the real concept of cataract Glaucoma is unknown by 79.1% of the hospital's administrative employees; 37.6% of the ophthalmology service personnel declare having no knowledge concerning cure for, or control over, this vision affection. The non-acquaintance with the consequences of diabetes for the vision system was observed in all groups. Conclusion: The lack of knowledge on ocular health was observed in all groups. The development of training programs for the hospital staff with the purpose of multiplying eye health education to the hospital patients and in the social and cultural environment is suggested.3515361Green, L.W., Kreuter, M.W., (1991) Health Promotion Planning - An Educational and Environmental Approach. 2 nd Ed., pp. 154-173. , Mountain View, MayfieldTemporini, E.R., Kara-José, N., Niveis de prevenção de problemas oftalmológicos: Propostas de investigação (1995) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 58, pp. 189-192Candeias, N.M.F., The concepts of health education and promotion - Individual and organizational changes (1997) Rev Saúde Pública, 31, pp. 209-213Briceño-Leon, R., Siete tesis sobre la educación sanitária para la participación comunitária (1996) Cad Saúde Pública, 12, pp. 7-30(1984) Strategies for the Prevention of Blindness in National Programmes - A Primary Health Care Approach, , WHO, GenevaRice, M.A., Framework for developing health promotion and education iniciatives in reproductive health (1996) Promot Educ, 3, pp. 7-10Rocha, J.C.P., Gondim, E.L., Braga, F.T.C., Dantas, F.J., Temporini, E.R., Kara-José, N., Ocular health myths among a hospital staff (1997) Ophthalmic Epidemiol, 4, pp. 107-113Verdaguer, T.J., One world, one voice, one vision (1998) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 61, pp. 5-6Ellwein, L.B., Kupfer, C., Strategic issues in preventing cataract blindness in developing countries (1995) Bull World Health Organ, 73, pp. 681-690Kara-José, N., Contreras, F., Campos, M.A., Delgado, A.M., Mowery, R.L., Ellwein, L.B., Screening and surgical intervention results from cataract-free zones projects in Campinas, Brazil and Chimbote, Peru (1990) Int Ophthalmol, 14, pp. 155-164Temporini, E.R., Kara-José, N., Kara-José Jr., N., Catarata senil: Características e percepções de pacientes atendidos em projeto comunitário de reabilitação visual (1997) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 60, pp. 79-83Sommer, A., Organizing to prevent third world blindness (1989) Am J Ophthalmol, 107, pp. 544-546Kara-José, N., Temporini, E.R., Cirurgia da catarata: O porquê dos excluídos (1999) Rev Panamer Saúde Pública, 6, pp. 242-248Gullo, R.M., Costa, V.P., Bernardi, L., Kara-José, N., Condições visuais de pacientes glaucomatosos em um hospital universitário (1996) Arq Bras Oftalmol, 59, pp. 147-150Thylefors, B., Négrel, A.D., Pararajasegaram, R., Dadzie, K.Y., Global data on blindness (1995) Bull World Health Organ, 73, pp. 115-121Bower, N.K., A primary care team approach to the prevention of ocular complications of diabetes: A program review (1997) J Am Optom Assoc, 68, pp. 233-24