64,897 research outputs found
Dynamic Tax Competition under Asymmetric Productivity of Public Capital
We here expand the static tax competition models in symmetric small regions, which were indicated by Zodrow and Mieszkowski (1986) and Wilson (1986), to a dynamic tax competition model in large regions, taking consideration of the regional asymmetry of productivity of public capital and the existence of capital accumulation. The aim of this paper is to verify how the taxation policy affects asymmetric equilibrium based on a simulation analysis using an overlapping generations model in two regions. It is assumed that the public capital as a public input is formed on the basis of the capital tax of local governments and the lump-sum tax of the central government. As demonstrated in related literature, the optimal capital tax rate should become zero when the lump-sum tax is imposed only on older generations, however, the optimal tax rate may become positive when it is imposed proportionally on younger and older generations. In the asymmetric equilibrium, several cooperative solutions can possibly exist which can achieve a higher welfare standard than the actualized cooperative solution either in Region1 or 2
Three-dimensional eddy current analysis by the boundary element method using vector potential
A boundary-element method using a magnetic vector potential for eddy-current analysis is described. For three-dimensional (3-D) problems, the tangential and normal components of the vector potential, tangential components of the magnetic flux density, and an electric scalar potential on conductor surfaces are chosen as unknown variables. When the approximation is introduced so that the conductivity of the conductor is very large in comparison with the conductivity of air, the number of unknowns can be reduced; also, for axisymmetric models the scalar potential can be eliminated from the unknown variables. The formulation of the boundary-element method using the vector potential, and computation results by the proposed method, are presented </p
Dynamics of two-photon paired superradiance
We develop for dipole-forbidden transition a dynamical theory of two-photon
paired superradiance, or PSR for short. This is a cooperative process
characterized by two photons back to back emitted with equal energies. By
irradiation of trigger laser from two target ends, with its frequency tuned at
the half energy between two levels, a macroscopically coherent state of medium
and fields dynamically emerges as time evolves and large signal of amplified
output occurs with a time delay. The basic semi-classical equations in 1+1
spacetime dimensions are derived for the field plus medium system to describe
the spacetime evolution of the entire system, and numerically solved to
demonstrate existence of both explosive and weak PSR phenomena in the presence
of relaxation terms. The explosive PSR event terminates accompanying a sudden
release of most energy stored in the target. Our numerical simulations are
performed using a vibrational transition of
para-H molecule, and taking many different excited atom number densities
and different initial coherences between the metastable and the ground states.
In an example of number density close to cm and of high
initial coherence, the explosive event terminates at several nano seconds after
the trigger irradiation, when the phase relaxation time of ns is
taken. After PSR events the system is expected to follow a steady state
solution which is obtained by analytic means, and is made of many objects of
field condensates endowed with a topological stability.Comment: 31 pages, 15 figures. Revised for publication. Title slightly
changed, detailed explanation added, minor typos corrected. All equations and
figures unchange
Electrophoresis of a rod macroion under polyelectrolyte salt: Is mobility reversed for DNA?
By molecular dynamics simulation, we study the charge inversion phenomenon of
a rod macroion in the presence of polyelectrolyte counterions. We simulate
electrophoresis of the macroion under an applied electric field. When both
counterions and coions are polyelectrolytes, charge inversion occurs if the
line charge density of the counterions is larger than that of the coions. For
the macroion of surface charge density equal to that of the DNA, the reversed
mobility is realized either with adsorption of the multivalent counterion
polyelectrolyte or the combination of electrostatics and other mechanisms
including the short-range attraction potential or the mechanical twining of
polyelectrolyte around the rod axis.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, Applied Statistical Physics of Molecular
Engineering (Mexico, 2003). Journal of Physics: Condensed Matters, in press
(2004). Journal of Physics: Condensed Matters, in press (2004
Loopy belief propagation and probabilistic image processing
Estimation of hyperparameters by maximization of the marginal likelihood in probabilistic image processing is investigated by using the cluster variation method. The algorithms are substantially equivalent to generalized loopy belief propagation
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