A Study on “Subject Contents Organization (SCO)” for Teacher Training Program in the Faculty of Education, Okayama University : Practice and Assessment of SCO in Elementary School and Junior High School Teacher Training Curriculum

　岡山大学教育学部・教師教育開発センターは，平成23 ～ 27年度「教員の資質向上に寄与する『大学と学校・教育委員会の協働』の実現−学校教育改善との連動で教員養成教育を進化させる−(先進的教員養成プロジェクト)」に取り組んだ。その中の教科構成学開発事業では，本学部で独自に構築・実施しているコア・カリキュラムの中での教科内容構成のあり方について，２つのプロセスから研究を行った。本稿では，平成26年度に学部教育全体で取り組んだ「教科内容構成要素に関するシラバス記述」と，部会員が平成26・27年度に授業を実践した小・中学校の教職および教科に関する科目（数学・理科・家庭科・国語科）の受講生に対して実施した「教科内容構成力」に関するアンケート調査の分析から，本学部の教科内容構成研究の特徴と課題について検討した

Impact of behavioral/developmental disorders comorbid with conduct disorder

Aims: The aim of the present study was to verify the comorbidity of conduct disorder (CD) and behavioral/developmental disorders in children and adolescents, and to examine the traits of CD comorbid with them. Methods: Subjects were 64 children (60 boys, four girls) who were resident at three institutions for delinquent children or who were conduct-disordered outpatients of a university hospital aged under 18 years. A diagnostic interview was carried out by experienced child psychiatrists and the intelligence score and the Adverse Childhood Experiences score were measured by a licensed psychologist. Results: A total of 57 children were diagnosed as having CD, of whom 26 (45.6%) were diagnosed with comorbid attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 12 were diagnosed with comorbid pervasive developmental disorder (PDD, 21,1%), and 19 (33.3%) had no comorbidity of either disorder. Six children (18.8% of CD comorbid with ADHD) met the criteria for both ADHD and PDD. The group with comorbid PDD was significantly younger at onset (F = 6.51, P = 0.003) and included unsocialized type more frequently (KH2 = 6.66, P = 0.036) compared with the other two groups. Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware that not only ADHD but also PDD may be comorbid with CD. Establishment of the correct diagnosis is important because recognizing the presence of PDD will enable us to provide appropriate treatment and guidance, which may improve prognosis.ArticlePSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES. 63(6):762-768 (2009)journal articl

Estimating spatial variation in the effects of climate change on the net primary production of Japanese cedar plantations based on modeled carbon dynamics

Spatiotemporal prediction of the response of planted forests to a changing climate is increasingly important for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. In this study, we present a methodology for estimating spatially varying productivity in a planted forest and changes in productivity with a changing climate in Japan, with a focus on Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) as a representative tree species of this region. The process-based model Biome-BGC was parameterized using a plant trait database for Japanese cedar and a Bayesian optimization scheme. To compare productivity under historical (1996–2000) and future (2096–2100) climatic conditions, the climate scenarios of two representative concentration pathways (i.e., RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) were used in five global climate models (GCMs) with approximately 1-km resolution. The seasonality of modeled fluxes, namely gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem exchange, and soil respiration, improved after two steps of parameterization. The estimated net primary production (NPP) of stands aged 36–40 years under the historical climatic conditions of the five GCMs was 0.77 ± 0.10 kgC m-2 year-1 (mean ± standard deviation), in accordance with the geographical distribution of forest NPP estimated in previous studies. Under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the mean NPP of the five GCMs increased by 0.04 ± 0.07 and 0.14 ± 0.11 kgC m-2 year-1, respectively. The increases in annual NPP were small in the southwestern region because of the decreases in summer NPP and the small increases in winter NPP under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Under the RCP2.6 scenario, Japanese cedar was at risk in the southwestern region, in accordance with previous studies, and monitoring and silvicultural practices should be modified accordingly

Functional Consequences of Differences in Canopy Phenology for the Carbon Budgets of Two Cool-Temperate Forest Types : Simulations Using the NCAR/LSM Model and Validation Using Tower Flux and Biometric Data

We quantified the sensitivity of estimated carbon budgets in Japanese evergreen coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved forests using NCAR/LSM simulations under two climatic conditions: the relatively warm end of the cool-temperate zone (i.e., 800 m a.s.l., annual average temperature of 9.4℃, annual average precipitation of 1700 mm), and the relatively cold end of this zone (i.e., 1420 m a.s.l., 7.2℃, and 2400 mm). To improve the model's performance for both forests, we modified parameters such as biomass and plant area index (PAI) based on measured values and calibrated the model using field-measured tower flux and biometric data at two AsiaFlux sites near Takayama City, Japan. The seasonal patterns and annual cumulative values of gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE), and net ecosystem production (NEP) predicted by the model agreed well with field measurements at the two sites. Our sensitivity analysis of the impact of growing period length on the carbon budget in the deciduous broad-leaved forest showed that GPP and NEP increased by 12.7% and 48.0%, respectively, when we considered the temperature dependency of the growing period length. In simulations under both climatic conditions, NEP peaked between April and June in the evergreen coniferous forest, and between July and September in the deciduous broad-leaved forest. The different seasonal patterns of NEP between the two forest types were determined primarily by differences in GPP that resulted from differences in PAI from April to June. The annual values of GPP, RE, and light-use efficiency were clearly greater in the evergreen coniferous forest than in the deciduous broad-leaved forest. Our simulation results suggest that the evergreen coniferous forest has higher metabolic activity than the deciduous broad-leaved forest in this region due to its larger biomass