The effects of elevated temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on the quality of grain lipids in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown at two levels of nitrogen application

Wheat plants were cultivated under growth regimes combining two temperatures (ambient and 4 degrees C above ambient temperature) with two concentrations of carbon dioxide (350 and 700 mu mol mol(-1)) and two nitrogen fertilizer applications (high and low), The aim of this study was to define any changes in the acyl lipid composition of wheat grains which could result from alterations in the growth conditions, Qualitative and quantitative changes were observed in both non-starch and starch lipid fractions, Temperature was by far the most influential growth factor, although interactions between all three growth conditions occurred, as confirmed by analysis of variance, Growth at elevated temperatures had the general effect of reducing the amounts of accumulated lipids, particularly non-polar lipids (1322mg fatty acids per 100g fresh weight at ambient temperatures as opposed to 777mg fatty acids per 100 g fresh weight at 4 degrees C above ambient temperatures), There were changes in the proportions of the major non-starch as well as the starch lipids, In the former category, non-polar lipids (principally triacylglycerols), the membrane glycosylglycerides and phosphatidylcholine were the main constituents, whereas in the starch lipids, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine represented over 70% of the total, Depending on the growth conditions, the percentages of lipids such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine (non-starch) or the starch lysophosphatidylethanolamine varied 2-fold or more, Significant changes in the acyl composition of individual lipids were also observed, most often in the proportions of palmitate, oleate and linoleate, The observed alterations in wheat lipids are likely to affect the properties of any flours derived from grain grown under climate change conditions

A generalised approach to the calibration of orthotropic materials for thermoelastic stress analysis

A review of thermoelastic theory associated with orthotropic solids is provided, the purpose of which is to develop a calibration procedure for thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) that can be applied to laminated orthotropic composite materials. The procedure is based on the laminate strains rather than the surface ply stresses and enables a calibration approach that accounts simultaneously for the laminate mechanical response and the surface thermoelastic response. This calibration routine enables quantitative values of strain to be derived from thermoelastic data obtained from laminated composite structures. The calibration procedure is based on the use of simple tensile specimens. A variety of laminate stacking sequences are studied using E-glass epoxy pre-impregnated materials. Detailed material properties are obtained and the calibration procedure validated experimentally and theoretically.<br/