Acidity of Creamery Butter and Its Relation to Quality

The first intention in beginning these investigations on acidity of butter was to trace the relationship between the quality or score, and the acidity of the butter. If there should be a uniform relation between the two, then it would be possible, at least in part to use an acid test in judging or scoring butter. The senses of taste, smell and sight have not always given satisfaction. A person\u27s judgment is elastic, and all judges do not have the same standard, while an acid test is definite. If any uniform relation existed, a certain percentage of the points in the score card might be based on the acid test. During the last two years at different seasons, butter from different creameries has been sent to this experiment station, at which place it has been scored or judged by well known butter experts, as shown in the following tables, and at the same time tested for acid. Butter from different states was judged and tested for acid in the Chicago market. In addition, many lots of butter have been manufactured, judged, and tested at the experiment station. These tests and scores have been carefully studied, the results compared, and conclusions are herein reported

Creamery Butter

The results reported in this Bulletin are a continuation of the investigations on the acidity of creamery butter, a preliminary report of which was published as Bulletin No. 116 of this Station under the title, Acidity of Creamery Butter and Its Relation to Quality. In this latter Bulletin it was shown that no definite relation was found to exist between the score and the acidity of fresh butter, but that experiments then in progress indicated that the acid test was a fair measure of the extent and rapidity of the deterioration of butter held in storage. Investigations on the acidity of cold storage butter, amount and nature of acids and other decomposition products of butter, and their relation to rancid and ill-flavored butter are now in progress and results will be reported in future publications

Cross-borehole tomography with full-decay spectral time-domain induced polarization for mapping of potential contaminant flow-paths

Soil contamination from industrial activities is a large problem in urban areas worldwide. Understanding the spreading of contamination to underlying aquifers is crucial to make adequate risk assessments and for designing remediation actions. A large part of the northern hemisphere has quaternary deposits consisting of glacial clayey till. The till often has a complex hydrogeological structure consisting of networks of fractures, sand stringers and sand lenses that each contribute to a transport network for water, free phase and dissolved contaminants. Thus, to determine the possible flow-paths of contaminants, the geology must be described in great detail. Normally, multiple boreholes would be drilled in order to describe the geology, but boreholes alone do not provide the needed resolution to map such sand lenses and their connectivity. Cross-borehole full-decay time-domain induced polarization (TDIP) is a new tool that allows for quantitatively mapping not only contrasts in bulk resistivity, but also contrasts in spectral IP parameters. We present a feasibility study with synthetic tests and a field application on a clayey moraine environment with embedded sand lenses, with hitherto unseen ground-truth verification. Indeed, the investigated area was above the water table, which allowed for digging out the entire area after the investigation for an unprecedented description of the lens interconnectivity. The TDIP data were acquired with a full-waveform acquisition at high sampling rate, signal-processed by harmonic denoising, background removal, and de-spiking, and subsequently the full-waveform data were stacked in log-increasing tapered gates (with 7 gates per decade). The resulting TDIP decays, with usable time-gates as early as two milliseconds, were inverted in terms of a re-parameterization of the Cole-Cole model. The inverted models of the field data show a remarkable delineation of the sand lenses/layers at the site, with structure in both the resistivity and the IP parameters matching the results from the ground-truthing. The synthetic examples show that in models both below and above the groundwater table, sand-lenses with thicknesses comparable to the vertical electrode spacing can be well resolved. This suggests that full-decay cross-borehole TDIP is an ideal tool for high-resolution sand-lens imaging

Detecting metal-rich intermediate-age globular clusters in NGC4570 using K-band photometry

“The original publication is available at www.springerlink.com”. Copyright Springer. DOI: 10.1007/s10509-009-0093-8Globular cluster systems (GCSs) of most early-type galaxies feature two peaks in their optical colour distributions. Blue-peak globular clusters (GCs) are believed to be old and metal-poor, whereas the ages, metallicities, and the origin of the red-peak GCs are still being debated. We obtained deep K-band photometry and combined it with Hubble Space Telescope observations in g and z to yield a full spectral energy distribution from the optical to the near-infrared. This now allows us to break the age–metallicity degeneracy. We used our evolutionary synthesis models galev for star clusters to compute a large grid of models with different metallicities and a wide range of ages. Comparing these models to our observations revealed a large population of intermediate-age (1–3 Gyr) and metal-rich (≈solar-metallicity) GCs, that will give us further insights into the formation history of this galaxy.Peer reviewe

On Some New Black String Solutions in Three Dimensions

We derive several new solutions in three-dimensional stringy gravity. The solutions are obtained with the help of string duality transformations. They represent stationary configurations with horizons, and are surrounded by (quasi) topologically massive Abelian gauge hair, in addition to the dilaton and the Kalb-Ramond axion. Our analysis suggests that there exists a more general family, where our solutions are special limits. Finally, we use the generating technique recently proposed by Garfinkle to construct a traveling wave on the extremal variant of one of our solutions.Comment: revtex, 38 pages including 3 figure

A New Definition of Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities is a generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or mathematical abilities. These disorders are intrinsic to the individual and presumed to be due to central nervous system dysfunction. Even though a learning disability may occur concomitantly with other handicapping conditions (e.g., sensory impairment, mental retardation, social and emotional disturbance) or environmental influences (e.g., cultural differences, insufficient/inappropriate instruction, psychogenic factors), it is not the direct result of those conditions or influences.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline