Young and Intermediate-age Distance Indicators

Distance measurements beyond geometrical and semi-geometrical methods, rely mainly on standard candles. As the name suggests, these objects have known luminosities by virtue of their intrinsic proprieties and play a major role in our understanding of modern cosmology. The main caveats associated with standard candles are their absolute calibration, contamination of the sample from other sources and systematic uncertainties. The absolute calibration mainly depends on their chemical composition and age. To understand the impact of these effects on the distance scale, it is essential to develop methods based on different sample of standard candles. Here we review the fundamental properties of young and intermediate-age distance indicators such as Cepheids, Mira variables and Red Clump stars and the recent developments in their application as distance indicators.Comment: Review article, 63 pages (28 figures), Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews (Chapter 3 of a special collection resulting from the May 2016 ISSI-BJ workshop on Astronomical Distance Determination in the Space Age

Phenol content related to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Passiflora spp. Extracts

Methanolic extracts were prepared from different organs of plants from five Passiflora species obtained by zygotic embryo culture and evaluated for their capacity to quench DPPH and ABTS+ radicals in comparison to that of Trolox, a water soluble vitamin-E analogue. Moreover their antimicrobial activity against E. coli was tested by agar diffusion and turbidity assays. P. nitida, P. foetida, and P. palmeri showed antimicrobial activity. P. nitida and P. palmeri also showed high antioxidant activity. P. tenuifila and P. coriacea demonstrated antioxidant power but not antimicrobial activity. The phenolic content of the different extracts was studied and quantified by spectrophotometric methods, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. High antioxidant activity correlated with high amounts of o-diphenol and catechin. An unknown component, tentatively identified as structural isomer of isoschaftoside, appeared to correlate with antimicrobial activity

Characterization Of New Polymorphic Functional Markers For Sugarcane

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) offer the opportunity to exploit single, low-copy, conserved sequence motifs for the development of simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The authors have examined the Sugarcane Expressed Sequence Tag database for the presence of SSRs. To test the utility of EST-derived SSR markers, a total of 342 EST-SSRs, which represent a subset of over 2005 SSR-containing sequences that were located in the sugarcane EST database, could be designed from the nonredundant SSR-positive ESTs for possible use as potential genic markers. These EST-SSR markers were used to screen 18 sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) varieties. A high proportion (65.5%) of the above EST-SSRs, which gave amplified fragments of foreseen size, detected polymorphism. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 24 with an average of 7.55 alleles per locus, while polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.16 to 0.94, with an average of 0.73. The ability of each set of EST-SSR markers to discriminate between varieties was generally higher than the polymorphism information content analysis. When tested for functionality, 82.1% of these 224 EST-SSRs were found to be functional, showing homology to known genes. As the EST-SSRs are within the expressed portion of the genome, they are likely to be associated to a particular gene of interest, improving their utility for genetic mapping; identification of quantitative trait loci, and comparative genomics studies of sugarcane. The development of new EST-SSR markers will have important implications for the genetic analysis and exploitation of the genetic resources of sugarcane and related species and will provide a more direct estimate of functional diversity.522191209Aggarwal, R.K., Hendre, P.S., Varshney, R.K., Bhat, P.R., Krishna-kumar, V., Singh, L., Identification, characterization and utilization of EST-derived genic microsatellite markers for genome analyses of coffee and related species (2007) Theor. Appl. Genet, 114, pp. 359-372. , PMID:17115127, doi:10.1007/s00122- 006-0440-xhttp://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/kinship/index.html, Atkinson, B, and Therneau, T. 2007. Kinship: mixed-effects Cox models, sparse matrices, and modeling data from large pedigrees, R package version 1.1.0-17. Available fromBarbosa, A.M.M., Geraldi, I.O., Benchimol, L.L., Garcia, A.A.F., Souza Jr., C.L.S., Souza, A.P., Relationship of intra-and interpopulation tropical maize single cross hybrid performance and genetic distances computed from AFLP and SSR markers (2003) Euphytica, 130, pp. 87-99. , doi:10.1023/A: 1022381008721Barrett, B., Griffiths, A., Schreiber, M., Ellison, N., Mercer, C., Bouton, J., A microsatellite map of white clover (2004) Theor. Appl. Genet, 109, pp. 596-608. , PMID:15103407Bhat, P.R., Krishnakumar, V., Hendre, P.S., Rajendrakumar, P., Varshney, R.K., Aggarwal, R.K., Identification and characterization of expressed sequence tags-derived simple sequence repeats markers from robusta coffee variety 'CxR' (an interespecific hybrid of Coffee canephora × Coffee congensis) (2005) Mol. Ecol. Notes, 5, pp. 80-83. , doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004. 00839.xBelaj, A., Satovic, Z., Cipriani, G., Baldoni, L., Testolin, R., Rallo, L., Trujillo, I., Comparative study of the discriminating capacity of RAPD, AFLP and SSR markers and of their effectiveness in establishing genetic relationships in olive (2003) Theor. Appl. Genet, 107, pp. 736-744. , PMID:12819908, doi:10.1007/s00122-003-1301-5Carson, D.L., Botha, F.C., Preliminary analysis of expressed sequence tags for sugarcane (2000) Crop Sci, 40, pp. 1769-1779Casu, R., Dimmock, C., Thomas, M., Bower, N., Knight, D., Grof, C., Genetic and expression profiling in sugarcane (2001) Proc. Int. Soc. 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Genet, 108, pp. 1392-1400. , PMID:14968301, doi:10.1007/s00122-003-1554-zGarcia, A.A.F., Kido, E.A., Meza, A.N., Souza, H.M.B., Pinto, L.R., Pastina, M.M., Leite, C.S., Souza, A.P., Development of an integrated genetic map of a sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) commercial cross, based on a maximum-likelihood approach for estimation of linkage and linkage phases (2006) Theor. Appl. Genet, 112, pp. 298-314. , PMID:16307229, doi:10.1007/s00122-005-0129-6Graham, J., Smith, K., MacKenzie, K., Jorgenson, L., Hackett, C., Powell, W., The construction of a genetic linkage map of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus subsp. idaeus) based on AFLPs, genomic-SSR and EST-SSR markers (2004) Theor. Appl. Genet, 109, pp. 740-749. , PMID:15127204, doi:10.1007/s00122- 004-1687-8Guimarães, P.S., Paterniani, M.E.A.G.Z., Lüders, R.R., Souza, A.P., Laborda, P.R., Oliveira, K.M., Correlacão da heterose de híbridos de milho com divergência genética entre linhagens. (2007) Pesq. Agropec. 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The Biotechnology Roadmap For Sugarcane Improvement

Due to the strategic importance of sugarcane to Brazil, FAPESP, the main São Paulo state research funding agency, launched in 2008 the FAPESP Bioenergy Research Program (BIOEN, http://bioenfapesp.org). BIOEN aims to generate new knowledge and human resources for the improvement of the sugarcane and ethanol industry. As part of the BIOEN program, a Workshop on Sugarcane Improvement was held on March 18th and 19th 2009 in São Paulo, Brazil. The aim of the workshop was to explore present and future challenges for sugarcane improvement and its use as a sustainable bioenergy and biomaterial feedstock. The workshop was divided in four sections that represent important challenges for sugarcane improvement: a) gene discovery and sugarcane genomics, b) transgenics and controlled transgene expression, c) sugarcane physiology (photosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, and drought) and d) breeding and statistical genetics. This report summarizes the roadmap for the improvement of sugarcane. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.327587Aitken, K.S., Jackson, P.A., McIntyre, C.L., A combination of AFLP and SSR markers provides extensive map coverage and identification of homo(eo)logous linkage groups in a sugarcane cultivar (2005) TAG. Theor Appl Genet. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik, 110, pp. 789-801Aitken, K.S., Jackson, P.A., McIntyre, C.L., Construction of a genetic linkage map for Saccharum officinarum incorporating both simplex and duplex markers to increase genome coverage (2007) Genome, 50 (8), pp. 742-756Aitken, K.S., Hermann, S., Karno, K., Bonnett, G.D., McIntyre, L.C., Jackson, P.A., Genetic control of yield related stalk traits in sugarcane (2008) TAG Theor Appl Genet. 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