Bio-oil production from ripe pawpaw seeds and its optimal output: Box-Behnken Design and Machine Learning approach

The purpose of this study is to use ripe pawpaw seeds for a rapid Soxhlet extractor process with n-hexane to increase the yield of the bio-oil and to make the bio-oil produced a beneficial addition to the field of bio-oil production parameter optimization and utilization for industrial applications. Thus, the produced bio-oil from kwale ripe pawpaw seeds was modeled and optimized (Ripe Carica papaya seeds) via Soxhlet extractor using Box-Behnken Design from Response Surface Methodology and Machine Learning (Python code) techniques. The result from Box-Behnken Design shows that the highest yield obtained was 23.93 wt.% at 55 g of Sample weight, 50 min of Extraction time, and 250 ml of Solvent volume while the highest value of the bio-oil yield from the Machine Learning approach is 23.97 wt.%, which is closely related to the value (23.93 wt.%) obtained from Box-Behnken Design. The R2 of the model from Box-Behnken Design was 0.9786 while the R2 from Machine Learning was 1.0. Also, the visualization in Machine Learning was more appealing than in Box-Behnken Design. Thus, Machine Learning via python coding was more reliable and effective than Box-Behnken Design in terms of prediction and accuracy of bio-oil production. Both models, however, delivered a reliable reaction under the operational conditions considered. The physicochemical characteristics of the bio-oil from ripe pawpaw seeds also meet the requirements for bio-oil. Thus, this study concluded that green biowaste oil obtained from Kwale ripe pawpaw seeds waste might be used to produce biodiesel as well as to cool spinning equipment parts

SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM SOURSOP OILSEEDS & ITS QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION

This study focused on optimization of oil extraction from Soursop oilseeds using Box-Behnken design an allied of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), it also examine the physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of the oil. Based on the design, 17 experimental runs were conducted to investigate the effects of variables and their reciprocal interactions on the oil yield. A quadratic polynomial and the ANOVA test showed the model to be remarkably significant (p< 0.05). A statistical model predicted the highest oil yield to be 34.6074% (w/w) at the optimal condition of X1 = 38.10 min, X2 = 30.00g and X3 = 100 ml. The experiment was validated as 33.593% (w/w) of oil. The fatty acid profile of the oil revealed the oil to be highly unsaturated (73.42%). The physicochemical properties of extracted oil revealed that the oil is edible and could serve as feedstock for many industrial applications. This may provide useful information regarding the development of economic and efficient processes using solvent extraction method

Osamilite (K–Na–Ca–Mg–Fe–Al–S): A derived base catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel from blends of pumpkin seed oil-goat fat-poultry waste fat

This study converted the hybridized oil produced from the blend of seed oil and animal wastes fat to biodiesel using a developed catalyst from palm kernel empty burnt bunch ash (PKPKEBBA). The hybridized oil was obtained via specific gravity method and the properties of the oils were determined. The developed catalyst was characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF-FT, BET-adsorption, and qualitative analysis. Process optimization was carried out using RSM-CCD and ANN-GA with references to four variables namely: reaction period, catalyst conc., reaction temperature, and E-OH/OMR, respectively. The kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the transesterification reaction was also carried out. The developed catalyst was recycled and reused, while the quality of the biodiesel was examined with a view to determine its potential to replace conventional diesel. Results showed low viscous and acid value of the hybridized oil which was obtained in a single stage conversion. The mix ratio of the hybridized oil was found to be 33:34:33 with respect to pumpkin seed oil, goat fat, and poultry waste fat. The developed heterogeneous catalyst contained CaCO3 as the major element found in the PKEBBA. Process optimization showed that ANN-GA gave a better optimum validated yield of 99.20% (wt./wt.) than RSM-CCD of 98.44% (wt./wt.). Considered design variables were mutually significant at p-value<0.0001. The rate equation constant was 0.0177 min−1, while the thermodynamic parameters at highest temperature (348 K) were ΔGr= 101.38 KJ/mol, ΔHr=-5.82 × 10−5 KJ/mol, and ΔSr= −291.32 KJ/mol. K. The strength of catalyst tested via reusability test showed catalyst reusability test was altered at 7 cycles. The produced biodiesel have fuel properties similar to conventional diesel. The study concluded that the hybridization of oils for biodiesel conversion is viable

Modeling and optimization of lucky nut biodiesel production from lucky nut seed by pearl spar catalysed transesterification

In 2015, the Worldatlas recorded 50 countries whose source of income is fossil fuel and its derivatives. Surprisingly, these countries solely depend on this source of energy up to 100% (Omar, Qatar, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia) because of technology improvement. It's so sadden that apart from its adverse effect on the economics of the countries, fossil fuels harmful effects on the universe cannot be overlooked. Meanwhile, the use of renewable energy as a replacement for fossil fuel and its derivatives are faced by the high oil price, high cost of investment for alternative energy, and unfathomed electricity prices. This research work evaluates desirability of making use of alternative source of energy sources by making use of biomass oil over the use of fossil fuel and its derivatives for electricity generation.Lucky nut is an agricultural non edible seed that was employed as raw material for biofuel production. The non-edible oil was extracted from the seeds and the oil was further converted to Lucky nut biofuel via a heterogeneous based catalyst produced from calcinated pearl spar. For modelling and optimization, design expert coupled with genetic algorithms were used to generate experimental designs so as to correlate the variable factors considered for production.The extraction of Lucky nut seed revealed the optimum production yield of 50.80% (v/v) and the oil is highly unsaturated. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrophotometer analyses and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the calcined catalyst obtained from pearl spar showed the major component found in the pearl spar was K with relative abundance of 58.48%, which favoured the yield of Lucky nut biodiesel (91.00% (v/v)). Based on predicted values, the optimum validated Lucky nut biodiesel by RSMED and ANNED were 89.68% (v/v) and 92.87% (v/v), respectively. Produced properties of biofuel conformed to the biofuel standard.The study concluded that Lucky nut seed is a good source of oil, and its transformation to alternative fuel via a using calcined catalyst proved its fitness as a replacement for fossil fuel

Bunch Ash biomass source for the synthesis of Al2(SiO4)2 magnetic nanocatalyst and as alkali catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel production

This work employed the Admixture of oil from winter squash seed oil and duck waste fat for the synthesis of biodiesel using a derived heterogeneous catalyst from burnt Arecaceae kernel empty bunch (BAKEB). The admixture oil was obtained using the gravity ratio method and the properties of the oils were determined. The developed BAKEB was characterized using SEM, FTIR, XRF-FT, BET-adsorption, and qualitative analysis. Transesterification of the admixture oil to biodiesel was carried out in a single transesterification batch reactor, while Process optimization was carried out via RSM-CCD with four constraint variables namely: reaction period, catalyst conc., reaction temperature, and E-OH/OMR, respectively. The spent catalyst was recycled and reused and the quality of the produced biodiesel was compared with the recommended standard. Results showed the admixture oil ratio of 48:52 was sufficient to produce a validated optimum biodiesel yield of 99.42% (wt./wt.) at the reaction time of 55 min, catalyst conc. of 3.00 (%wt.), reaction temperature of 60 °C, and E-OH/OMR of 5.5:1 (vol./vol.), respectively. ANOVA analysis indicated that all variables were mutually significant at p-value<0.0001.The developed BAKEB was found to contain high percentages of Al-K-Na-Ca. The catalyst recyclability test indicated that BAKEB can be refined and reused. The produced biodiesel qualities have fuel properties similar to conventional diesel when compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14,214. The study concluded that the blending of winter squash seed oil with duck waste fat in the ratio of 48:52 as feedstock for biodiesel synthesis is viable