10 research outputs found
Electro-Optical Device with Tunable Transparency Using Colloidal Core/Shell Nanoparticles
Suspended particle
devices (SPDs) adapted for controlling the transmission of electromagnetic
radiation have become an area of considerable focus for smart window
technology due to their desirable properties, such as instant and
precise light control and cost-effectiveness. Here, we demonstrate
a SPD with tunable transparency in the visible regime using colloidal
assemblies of nanoparticles. The observed transparency using ZnS/SiO<sub>2</sub> core/shell colloidal nanoparticles is dynamically tunable
in response to an external electric field with increased transparency
when applied voltage increases. The observed transparency change is
attributed to structural ordering of nanoparticle assemblies and thereby
modifies the photonic band structures, as confirmed by the finite-difference
time-domain simulations of Maxwellâs equations. The transparency
of the device can also be manipulated by changing the particle size
and the device thickness. In addition to transparency, structural
colorations and their dynamic tunability are demonstrated using α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> core/shell nanomaterials, resulting
from the combination of inherent optical properties of α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterials and coloration
due to their tunable structural particle assemblies in response to
electric stimuli
Electro-Optical Device with Tunable Transparency Using Colloidal Core/Shell Nanoparticles
Suspended particle
devices (SPDs) adapted for controlling the transmission of electromagnetic
radiation have become an area of considerable focus for smart window
technology due to their desirable properties, such as instant and
precise light control and cost-effectiveness. Here, we demonstrate
a SPD with tunable transparency in the visible regime using colloidal
assemblies of nanoparticles. The observed transparency using ZnS/SiO<sub>2</sub> core/shell colloidal nanoparticles is dynamically tunable
in response to an external electric field with increased transparency
when applied voltage increases. The observed transparency change is
attributed to structural ordering of nanoparticle assemblies and thereby
modifies the photonic band structures, as confirmed by the finite-difference
time-domain simulations of Maxwellâs equations. The transparency
of the device can also be manipulated by changing the particle size
and the device thickness. In addition to transparency, structural
colorations and their dynamic tunability are demonstrated using α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> core/shell nanomaterials, resulting
from the combination of inherent optical properties of α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterials and coloration
due to their tunable structural particle assemblies in response to
electric stimuli
Electro-Optical Device with Tunable Transparency Using Colloidal Core/Shell Nanoparticles
Suspended particle
devices (SPDs) adapted for controlling the transmission of electromagnetic
radiation have become an area of considerable focus for smart window
technology due to their desirable properties, such as instant and
precise light control and cost-effectiveness. Here, we demonstrate
a SPD with tunable transparency in the visible regime using colloidal
assemblies of nanoparticles. The observed transparency using ZnS/SiO<sub>2</sub> core/shell colloidal nanoparticles is dynamically tunable
in response to an external electric field with increased transparency
when applied voltage increases. The observed transparency change is
attributed to structural ordering of nanoparticle assemblies and thereby
modifies the photonic band structures, as confirmed by the finite-difference
time-domain simulations of Maxwellâs equations. The transparency
of the device can also be manipulated by changing the particle size
and the device thickness. In addition to transparency, structural
colorations and their dynamic tunability are demonstrated using α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> core/shell nanomaterials, resulting
from the combination of inherent optical properties of α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> nanomaterials and coloration
due to their tunable structural particle assemblies in response to
electric stimuli
Design Parameters for Subwavelength Transparent Conductive Nanolattices
Recent advancements with the directed
assembly of block copolymers have enabled the fabrication over cm<sup>2</sup> areas of highly ordered metal nanowire meshes, or nanolattices,
which are of significant interest as transparent electrodes. Compared
to randomly dispersed metal nanowire networks that have long been
considered the most promising next-generation transparent electrode
material, such ordered nanolattices represent a new design paradigm
that is yet to be optimized. Here, through optical and electrical
simulations, we explore the potential design parameters for such nanolattices
as transparent conductive electrodes, elucidating relationships between
the nanowire dimensions, defects, and the nanolatticesâ conductivity
and transmissivity. We find that having an ordered nanowire network
significantly decreases the length of nanowires required to attain
both high transmissivity and high conductivity, and we quantify the
networkâs tolerance to defects in relation to other design
constraints. Furthermore, we explore how both optical and electrical
anisotropy can be introduced to such nanolattices, opening an even
broader materials design space and possible set of applications
Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of Nanoaluminum with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles of Differing Oxidation State
The
importance of the oxidation state of an oxidizer and its impact
on gaseous oxygen and total gas production in nanocomposite thermite
combustion was investigated by probing the reaction and ignition properties
of aluminum nanoparticles (Al-NPs) with both cupric oxide (CuO) and
cuprous oxide (Cu<sub>2</sub>O) nanoparticles. The gas release and
ignition behavior of these materials were tested with >10<sup>5</sup> K/s temperature jump (T-jump) heating pulses in a high temporal
resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ToF-MS) as well as in
an argon environment. Reactivity was tested using a constant volume
combustion cell with simultaneous pressure and optical measurements.
A variety of Cu<sub>2</sub>O particle sizes ranging from 200 to 1500
nm were synthesized and found to release oxygen at âŒ1200 K,
which is higher than the values found for a variety of CuO particle
sizes (âŒ1000 K). Both oxides were found to ignite around 1000
K, which implies a consistent ignition mechanism for both through
a condensed phase pathway. The higher oxidation state (CuO) thermites
were found to react faster and produce higher pressures by several
orders of magnitude, which implies that gaseous species play a critical
role in the combustion process. Differences in reactivity between
argon and vacuum environments and the use of Cu diluent to simulate
Cu<sub>2</sub>O suggest that it is the intermediate product gas, O<sub>2</sub>, that plays the most significant role in combustion as an
enabler of heat transfer and a secondary oxidizer. The lack of any
oxidizer size dependence on ignition is suggestive of rapid sintering
that wipes out the effect of enhanced interfacial contact area for
smaller oxidizers
Supercapacitors Based on Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Graphene Aerogels with Periodic Macropores
Graphene is an atomically thin, two-dimensional
(2D) carbon material
that offers a unique combination of low density, exceptional mechanical
properties, thermal stability, large surface area, and excellent electrical
conductivity. Recent progress has resulted in macro-assemblies of
graphene, such as bulk graphene aerogels for a variety of applications.
However, these three-dimensional (3D) graphenes exhibit physicochemical
property attenuation compared to their 2D building blocks because
of one-fold composition and tortuous, stochastic porous networks.
These limitations can be offset by developing a graphene composite
material with an engineered porous architecture. Here, we report the
fabrication of 3D periodic graphene composite aerogel microlattices
for supercapacitor applications, via a 3D printing technique known
as direct-ink writing. The key factor in developing these novel aerogels
is creating an extrudable graphene oxide-based composite ink and modifying
the 3D printing method to accommodate aerogel processing. The 3D-printed
graphene composite aerogel (3D-GCA) electrodes are lightweight, highly
conductive, and exhibit excellent electrochemical properties. In particular,
the supercapacitors using these 3D-GCA electrodes with thicknesses
on the order of millimeters display exceptional capacitive retention
(ca. 90% from 0.5 to 10 A·g<sup>â1</sup>) and power densities
(>4 kW·kg<sup>â1</sup>) that equal or exceed those
of
reported devices made with electrodes 10â100 times thinner.
This work provides an example of how 3D-printed materials, such as
graphene aerogels, can significantly expand the design space for fabricating
high-performance and fully integrable energy storage devices optimized
for a broad range of applications
Supercapacitors Based on Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Graphene Aerogels with Periodic Macropores
Graphene is an atomically thin, two-dimensional
(2D) carbon material
that offers a unique combination of low density, exceptional mechanical
properties, thermal stability, large surface area, and excellent electrical
conductivity. Recent progress has resulted in macro-assemblies of
graphene, such as bulk graphene aerogels for a variety of applications.
However, these three-dimensional (3D) graphenes exhibit physicochemical
property attenuation compared to their 2D building blocks because
of one-fold composition and tortuous, stochastic porous networks.
These limitations can be offset by developing a graphene composite
material with an engineered porous architecture. Here, we report the
fabrication of 3D periodic graphene composite aerogel microlattices
for supercapacitor applications, via a 3D printing technique known
as direct-ink writing. The key factor in developing these novel aerogels
is creating an extrudable graphene oxide-based composite ink and modifying
the 3D printing method to accommodate aerogel processing. The 3D-printed
graphene composite aerogel (3D-GCA) electrodes are lightweight, highly
conductive, and exhibit excellent electrochemical properties. In particular,
the supercapacitors using these 3D-GCA electrodes with thicknesses
on the order of millimeters display exceptional capacitive retention
(ca. 90% from 0.5 to 10 A·g<sup>â1</sup>) and power densities
(>4 kW·kg<sup>â1</sup>) that equal or exceed those
of
reported devices made with electrodes 10â100 times thinner.
This work provides an example of how 3D-printed materials, such as
graphene aerogels, can significantly expand the design space for fabricating
high-performance and fully integrable energy storage devices optimized
for a broad range of applications
On-Demand and Location Selective Particle Assembly via Electrophoretic Deposition for Fabricating Structures with Particle-to-Particle Precision
Programmable positioning of 2 ÎŒm
polystyrene (PS) beads with
single particle precision and location selective, âon-demandâ,
particle deposition was demonstrated by utilizing patterned electrodes
and electrophoretic deposition (EPD). An electrode with differently
sized hole patterns, from 0.5 to 5 ÎŒm, was used to illustrate
the discriminatory particle deposition events based on the voltage
and particle-to-hole size ratio. With decreasing patterned hole size,
a larger electric field was required for a particle deposition event
to occur in that hole. For the 5 ÎŒm hole, particle deposition
began to occur at 10 V/cm where as an electric field of 15 V/cm was
required for particles to begin depositing in the 2 ÎŒm holes.
The likelihood of particle depositions continued to increase for smaller
sized holes as the electric field increased. Eventually, a monolayer
of particles began to form at approximately 20 V/cm. In essence, a
voltage threshold was found for each hole pattern of different sizes,
allowing fine adjustments in pattern hole size and voltage to control
when a particle deposition event took place, even with the patterns
on the same electrode. This phenomenon opens a route toward controlled,
multimaterial deposition and assembly onto substrates without repatterning
of the electrode or complicated surface modification of the particles.
An analytical approach using the theories for electrophoresis and
dielectrophoresis found the former to be the dominating force for
depositing a particle into a patterned hole. Ebeam lithography was
used to pattern spherical holes in precise configurations onto electrode
surfaces, where each hole accompanied a polystyrene (PS) particle
placement and attachment during EPD. The versatility of e-beam lithography
was utilized to create arbitrary pattern configurations to fabricate
particle assemblies of limitless configurations, enabling fabrication
of unique materials assemblies and interfaces
Cooperative Reorganization of Mineral and Template during Directed Nucleation of Calcium Carbonate
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs)
prepared from organic thiol molecules
on metal substrates are known to exert substantial influence over
mineralization and, as such, provide model systems for investigating
the mechanisms of templated crystallization by organic matrices. Characterizing
the structural evolution at the organic/inorganic interface in SAM/crystal
systems is of paramount importance in understanding these mechanisms.
In this study, X-ray absorption spectroscopy is used to characterize
the structural evolution of SAMs prepared from purpose-synthesized
organic thiols, with similar yet subtly different structures and compositions,
during the course of mineralization at their surfaces. The studies
reveal that the structure of the thiol molecules strongly affects
their ability to reorient within the SAM. Complementary scanning electron
microscopy measurements demonstrate that this feature of the SAMs
is strongly correlated with the capability of the monolayers to induce
preferential ordering among the organic crystals. Consistent with
recent modeling studies of SAM/crystal systems, these findings provide
experimental evidence that structural flexibility within the SAMs
is crucial for achieving templated crystallization and that templating
is inherently a cooperative process that selects the most favorable
combination of SAM and crystal orientations
Ultralight Conductive Silver Nanowire Aerogels
Low-density
metal foams have many potential applications in electronics,
energy storage, catalytic supports, fuel cells, sensors, and medical
devices. Here, we report a new method for fabricating ultralight,
conductive silver aerogel monoliths with predictable densities using
silver nanowires. Silver nanowire building blocks were prepared by
polyol synthesis and purified by selective precipitation. Silver aerogels
were produced by freeze-casting nanowire aqueous suspensions followed
by thermal sintering to weld the nanowire junctions. As-prepared silver
aerogels have unique anisotropic microporous structures, with density
precisely controlled by the nanowire concentration, down to 4.8 mg/cm<sup>3</sup> and an electrical conductivity up to 51âŻ000 S/m. Mechanical
studies show that silver nanowire aerogels exhibit âelastic
stiffeningâ behavior with a Youngâs modulus up to 16âŻ800
Pa