CRIMES AND OFFENSES Crimes Against the Person: Provide Enhanced Penalties for the Commission of the Offenses of Simple Assault, Aggravated Assault, Simple Battery, and Aggravated Battery Against Persons in a Domestic Context; Change the Definition of the Crime of Cruelty to Children in the Second Degree; Provide Penalties for Certain Crimes of Violence Committed in the Presence of Children; Exclude Corporal Punishment Administered by Parents, Guardians, or Others Acting in Loco Parentis from the Enhanced Penalties for Simple Assault or Simple Battery

The Act, entitled the Crimes Against Family Members Act of 1999, provides for broader and more severe penalties in cases of violence precipitated by domestic disputes. The Act enhances the penalties that judges may impose for assault and battery committed in a domestic setting. In addition, the Act equates commission of violent acts in the presence of minors with the crime of second-degree cruelty to children

CRIMES AND OFFENSES Crimes Against the Person: Provide Enhanced Penalties for the Commission of the Offenses of Simple Assault, Aggravated Assault, Simple Battery, and Aggravated Battery Against Persons in a Domestic Context; Change the Definition of the Crime of Cruelty to Children in the Second Degree; Provide Penalties for Certain Crimes of Violence Committed in the Presence of Children; Exclude Corporal Punishment Administered by Parents, Guardians, or Others Acting in Loco Parentis from the Enhanced Penalties for Simple Assault or Simple Battery

The Act, entitled the Crimes Against Family Members Act of 1999, provides for broader and more severe penalties in cases of violence precipitated by domestic disputes. The Act enhances the penalties that judges may impose for assault and battery committed in a domestic setting. In addition, the Act equates commission of violent acts in the presence of minors with the crime of second-degree cruelty to children

Shearing Interferometer for Quantifying the Coherence of Hard X-Ray Beams

We report a quantitative measurement of the full transverse coherence function of the 14.4 keV x-ray radiation produced by an undulator at the Swiss Light Source. An x-ray grating interferometer consisting of a beam splitter phase grating and an analyzer amplitude grating has been used to measure the degree of coherence as a function of the beam separation out to 30 m. Importantly, the technique provides a model-free and spatially resolved measurement of the complex coherence function and is not restricted to high resolution detectors and small fields of view. The spatial characterization of the wave front has important applications in discovering localized defects in beam line optics

Stability and Manipulation in Representative Democracies

This paper is devoted to the analysis of all constitutions equipped with electoral systems involving two step procedures. First, one candidate is elected in every jurisdiction by the electors in that jurisdiction, according to some aggregation procedure. Second, another aggregation procedure collects the names of the jurisdictional winners in order to designate the final winner. It appears that whenever individuals are allowed to change jurisdiction when casting their ballot, they are able to manipulate the result of the election except in very few cases. When imposing a paretian condition on every jurisdiction?s voting rule, it is shown that, in the case of any finite number of candidates, any two steps voting rule that is not manipulable by movement of the electors necessarily gives to every voter the power of overruling the unanimity on its own. A characterization of the set of these rules is next provided in the case of two candidates

Albumin Yanomama-2, a ‘private’ polymorphism of serum albumin

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65429/1/j.1469-1809.1974.tb01949.x.pd

Particle-scale structure in frozen colloidal suspensions from small angle X-ray scattering

During directional solidification of the solvent in a colloidal suspension, the colloidal particles segregate from the growing solid, forming high-particle-density regions with structure on a hierarchy of length scales ranging from that of the particle-scale packing to the large-scale spacing between these regions. Previous work has mostly concentrated on the medium- to large-length scale structure, as it is the most accessible and thought to be more technologically relevant. However, the packing of the colloids at the particle-scale is an important component not only in theoretical descriptions of the segregation process, but also to the utility of freeze-cast materials for new applications. Here we present the results of experiments in which we investigated this structure across a wide range of length scales using a combination of small angle X-ray scattering and direct optical imaging. As expected, during freezing the particles were concentrated into regions between ice dendrites forming a microscopic pattern of high- and low-particle-density regions. X-ray scattering indicates that the particles in the high density regions were so closely packed as to be touching. However, the arrangement of the particles does not conform to that predicted by any standard inter-particle pair potentials, suggesting that the particle packing induced by freezing differs from that formed during equilibrium or steady-state densification processes

Climate vulnerability assessment for Pacific salmon and steelhead in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem.

Major ecological realignments are already occurring in response to climate change. To be successful, conservation strategies now need to account for geographical patterns in traits sensitive to climate change, as well as climate threats to species-level diversity. As part of an effort to provide such information, we conducted a climate vulnerability assessment that included all anadromous Pacific salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus spp.) population units listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Using an expert-based scoring system, we ranked 20 attributes for the 28 listed units and 5 additional units. Attributes captured biological sensitivity, or the strength of linkages between each listing unit and the present climate; climate exposure, or the magnitude of projected change in local environmental conditions; and adaptive capacity, or the ability to modify phenotypes to cope with new climatic conditions. Each listing unit was then assigned one of four vulnerability categories. Units ranked most vulnerable overall were Chinook (O. tshawytscha) in the California Central Valley, coho (O. kisutch) in California and southern Oregon, sockeye (O. nerka) in the Snake River Basin, and spring-run Chinook in the interior Columbia and Willamette River Basins. We identified units with similar vulnerability profiles using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Life history characteristics, especially freshwater and estuary residence times, interplayed with gradations in exposure from south to north and from coastal to interior regions to generate landscape-level patterns within each species. Nearly all listing units faced high exposures to projected increases in stream temperature, sea surface temperature, and ocean acidification, but other aspects of exposure peaked in particular regions. Anthropogenic factors, especially migration barriers, habitat degradation, and hatchery influence, have reduced the adaptive capacity of most steelhead and salmon populations. Enhancing adaptive capacity is essential to mitigate for the increasing threat of climate change. Collectively, these results provide a framework to support recovery planning that considers climate impacts on the majority of West Coast anadromous salmonids

High-sensitivity phase-contrast tomography of rat brain in phosphate buffered saline

We report advances and complementary results concerning a recently developed method for high-sensitivity grating-based x-ray phase-contrast tomography. In particular we demonstrate how the soft tissue sensitivity of the technique can be used to obtain in-vitro tomographic images of rat brain specimens. Contrary to our previous experiments with fixated specimen (chemically modified or formalin fixed), the present results on the rat's brain are closer to the in-vivo situation. The findings are particularly important from a clinical point of view, since a similar approach using three gratings can be implemented with more readily available x-ray sources, such as standard x-ray tubes. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd

Microtomography developments on the ANATOMIX beamline at Synchrotron SOLEIL

The new ANATOMIX beamline at Synchrotron SOLEIL is dedicated to hard X-ray full-field tomography techniques. Operating in a range of photon energies from approximately 5 to 50 keV, it offers both parallel-beam projection microtomography and nanotomography using a zone-plate transmission X-ray microscope and thus covers a range of spatial resolution from 20 nm to 20 $\mu$m, expressed in terms of useful pixel size. Here we describe the microtomography instrumentation and its performance.Comment: Paper submitted for publication in the Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on X-Ray Microscopy (XRM 2020), 19--24 July 2020, Taipei, Taiwan, edited by D.-H. Wei and C.-M. Cheng and H.-W. Shiu and T.-H. Chuang, AIP Conf. Pro