THE POSSIBILITIES OF MARICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

Snažnija razvojna kretanja u nacionalnoj marikulturi, koja bi bila sukladna našim raspoloživim prirodnim potencijalima, izostala su, što je prije svega posljedica nesigurne političke i makroekonomske okoline u kojoj se marikultura razvijala. Ova se ocjena prije svega odnosi na kavezni uzgoj bijele morske ribe i školjaka, dok je uzgoj krupne pelagičke ribe u velikom zamahu. Taj je zamah posljedica rastućih potreba japanskoga tržišta za ovim oblikom proizvodnje, premda se može očekivati postupna stagnacija zbog strogih ograničenja izlova koji je podloga za daljnji uzgoj. Valja očekivati daljnji nastavak razvoja marikulture kontroliranim uzgojem postojećih i uvođenjem novih, autohtonih vrsta riba i školjkaša, uz stalne napore da se poboljša konkurentnost proizvoda na domaćem i stranom tržištu, reduciranjem ulaznih troškova, poboljšanjem kakvoće proizvoda i stalnim unapređenjem ekoloških i zdravstvenih standarda. Potrebno je stvoriti pretpostavke za unapređenje programa kaveznog uzgoja tuna, s osobitom pozornošću na ekološke aspekte ove proizvodnje. Predstoji modernizacija sektora proizvodnje lubina i komarče, osnaženje temeljne infrastrukture i logistike, te sustavna potpora istraživačkim i razvojnim programima marikulture. Tako će marikultura trajno pridonositi opskrbljenosti tržišta vrijednim proizvodima mora, gospodarskom rastu, trgovini i poboljšanju životnog standarda ruralnih, napose otočnih zajednica.A stronger development of national mariculture that would be compatible with natural potentialities has not been acheived yet, primarily because of uncertain political and global macroeconomic environment in which mariculture is being developed. Such a characterization can be applied for finfish production in the floating cages and hanging shellfish culture on longline systems while breeding of tuna fish in cages is expanding. An intensive development of tuna culture is a consequence of increased demands of Japan market, eventhough one can expect slow down of such a production because of limited catch of subadult fish on which tuna production is based. The mariculture development is looked upon as controlled breeding of existing and newly introduced autochthonous fish and shellfish species with constant efforts made to make these products competitive on national and interantional market. Thus the reduction of costs, better product quality and constant advancement of ecological and health standards are the main tasks of further mariculture development in Croatia. It is also indispensable to create the necessary preconditions for further development of tuna culture in floating cages particularly paying attention to ecological aspects of such a production. There are also needs to medernise the production of sea bass and gilthead sea bream, to reinforce mariculture infrastructure and logistic, in addition to sistematic support to research and development of new mariculture projects. That will be a way how mariculture can provide market with high valued marine products, to contribute improvement of trade and economic growth, and finaly to advance the living standards in rural and island communities in particular

ZONING OF COASTAL AREA FOR MARINE AQUACULTURE - PRESENT SITUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

Prihvaćanjem pomorske orijentacije i marikultura postaje ravnopravan partner u gospodarenju morem jer zahtijeva čiste resurse za postizanje povoljnih gospodarskih učinaka te se uklapa u djelatnosti koje su prihvatljive konceptu održivog razvoja. Postavljena u okvire sukoba interesa raznih djelatnosti za obalnu crtu, marikultura traži svoje mjesto. Jačanjem intenziteta djelatnosti u obalnom pojasu marikultura je sve više predmet raznih ciljanih rasprava, ponajviše s pozicija njezina utjecaja na okoliš. Sukob interesa u obalnom pojasu neargumentirano postavlja marikulturu u nepovoljni položaj s obzirom na turizam i industriju. Snaga argumenata leži samo u nepravilnom gospodarenju na pojedinim farmama i, radi ostvarivanja prednosti, cijelu djelatnost prikazuje u najgorem mogućem kontekstu. Marikultura je djelatnost proizvodnje zdrave hrane, koja može biti potpuno oštećena neodgovornim pristupom ostalih djelatnosti i intenzivno trpi od samoonečišćenja kao npr. i turizam. Onečišćenja prouzročena otpadnim vodama gradova, nekontroliranom turističkom aktivnošću, industrijom, pod utjecajem intenzivnog i nekontroliranog poljodjelstva u obalnom pojasu, moguća su opasnost za kvalitetu svih morskih proizvoda pa tako i proizvoda iz marikulture. Najbolji način za očuvanje visoke kvalitete morskih proizvoda može se riješiti zoniranjem obalnog pojasa i u kontekstu tog zoniranja treba odrediti zone za marikulturu. Definiranje zone s aspekta kvalitete akvatorija određujući nulto stanje, definicija pristupa obali radi postavljanja obalne infrastrukture i određivanje takvih akvatorija prostornim planovima može dovesti do izbjegavanja konflikta u iskorištavanju istih resursa u budućnosti. Prihvaćanjem lokacija prilazi se kontroli izvođenja marikulture putem programa praćenja, prepoznavanjem graničnih mjera zahvata, te definicijom mogućih korektivnih mjera, što je djelomično, ali ne i potpuno obuhvaćeno podzakonskim aktima. Postavljeno u kontekstu zaštite obnovljivih resursa u zonama marikulture potrebno je u okvirima ovlaštenih tijela provoditi praćenje štetnih utjecaja drugih djelatnosti na žive organizme u zoni za marikulturu, kontrolom otpadnih voda u zoni, kontrolom emisije u tlo u zoni (pesticidi i gnojiva), sanitarnom kontrolom mora.We already acepted that Croatian economical and geopolitical possition can bee improved only with better utilization of coastal area. Under these conditions mariculture also makes a part od sea master plan because demands for mariculture are focused on clean environmental conditions to obtain economic benefits. Increased pressure to the coastal area is global trend and if not planed and organized can provoke conflicts and can affect further development. Under these condition, marine aquaculture is frequent subject of many discussion focused on the environmental impact. Conflict of different interest in coastal area with no argumentation is putting marine aquaculture in worst position related with tourism and industry. Hard argumentations is laying in noneadequate frame of work in some facilities and to take advantake competitors are preasenting marine aquaculture in worst picture. Marine aquaculture product has to be health product, which can be completely damaged because of non-responsible approach of other activity. Mariculture also can suffer from self-pollution as for example tourism and must be well planed and managed. Fecal pollution from towns, pollution from bad controlled tourists activity, industry, influence of intensive and non controlled agriculture in coast line, are also potential danger for quality of all sea products and also cultured products from marine aquaculture. High quality of marine products can be obtained by zoning of coastal area, and in concept of these zoning it is necessary to define the zones for marine aquaculture. Procedure of zoning has to be divided in three steps: deetrmination of present status of area, definition of shore land for making mariculture related shore infrastructure and definitions of areas suitable for mariculture with limits of production. These can make positive situations with avoiding conflicts in exploitation of common resources in future. Zone for marine aquaculture has to be controlled, with an adequate program of monitoring, and implementation of corrective measures has to be applied. Living resources quality in zones for marine aquaculture must be control and protected from pollutant of others activities, by controlling of polluted water in zone, controlling of emission in land in zone (pesticides and fertilizers), and sanitary control of sea

ZONING OF COASTAL AREA FOR MARINE AQUACULTURE - PRESENT SITUATIONS AND PROBLEMS

Prihvaćanjem pomorske orijentacije i marikultura postaje ravnopravan partner u gospodarenju morem jer zahtijeva čiste resurse za postizanje povoljnih gospodarskih učinaka te se uklapa u djelatnosti koje su prihvatljive konceptu održivog razvoja. Postavljena u okvire sukoba interesa raznih djelatnosti za obalnu crtu, marikultura traži svoje mjesto. Jačanjem intenziteta djelatnosti u obalnom pojasu marikultura je sve više predmet raznih ciljanih rasprava, ponajviše s pozicija njezina utjecaja na okoliš. Sukob interesa u obalnom pojasu neargumentirano postavlja marikulturu u nepovoljni položaj s obzirom na turizam i industriju. Snaga argumenata leži samo u nepravilnom gospodarenju na pojedinim farmama i, radi ostvarivanja prednosti, cijelu djelatnost prikazuje u najgorem mogućem kontekstu. Marikultura je djelatnost proizvodnje zdrave hrane, koja može biti potpuno oštećena neodgovornim pristupom ostalih djelatnosti i intenzivno trpi od samoonečišćenja kao npr. i turizam. Onečišćenja prouzročena otpadnim vodama gradova, nekontroliranom turističkom aktivnošću, industrijom, pod utjecajem intenzivnog i nekontroliranog poljodjelstva u obalnom pojasu, moguća su opasnost za kvalitetu svih morskih proizvoda pa tako i proizvoda iz marikulture. Najbolji način za očuvanje visoke kvalitete morskih proizvoda može se riješiti zoniranjem obalnog pojasa i u kontekstu tog zoniranja treba odrediti zone za marikulturu. Definiranje zone s aspekta kvalitete akvatorija određujući nulto stanje, definicija pristupa obali radi postavljanja obalne infrastrukture i određivanje takvih akvatorija prostornim planovima može dovesti do izbjegavanja konflikta u iskorištavanju istih resursa u budućnosti. Prihvaćanjem lokacija prilazi se kontroli izvođenja marikulture putem programa praćenja, prepoznavanjem graničnih mjera zahvata, te definicijom mogućih korektivnih mjera, što je djelomično, ali ne i potpuno obuhvaćeno podzakonskim aktima. Postavljeno u kontekstu zaštite obnovljivih resursa u zonama marikulture potrebno je u okvirima ovlaštenih tijela provoditi praćenje štetnih utjecaja drugih djelatnosti na žive organizme u zoni za marikulturu, kontrolom otpadnih voda u zoni, kontrolom emisije u tlo u zoni (pesticidi i gnojiva), sanitarnom kontrolom mora.We already acepted that Croatian economical and geopolitical possition can bee improved only with better utilization of coastal area. Under these conditions mariculture also makes a part od sea master plan because demands for mariculture are focused on clean environmental conditions to obtain economic benefits. Increased pressure to the coastal area is global trend and if not planed and organized can provoke conflicts and can affect further development. Under these condition, marine aquaculture is frequent subject of many discussion focused on the environmental impact. Conflict of different interest in coastal area with no argumentation is putting marine aquaculture in worst position related with tourism and industry. Hard argumentations is laying in noneadequate frame of work in some facilities and to take advantake competitors are preasenting marine aquaculture in worst picture. Marine aquaculture product has to be health product, which can be completely damaged because of non-responsible approach of other activity. Mariculture also can suffer from self-pollution as for example tourism and must be well planed and managed. Fecal pollution from towns, pollution from bad controlled tourists activity, industry, influence of intensive and non controlled agriculture in coast line, are also potential danger for quality of all sea products and also cultured products from marine aquaculture. High quality of marine products can be obtained by zoning of coastal area, and in concept of these zoning it is necessary to define the zones for marine aquaculture. Procedure of zoning has to be divided in three steps: deetrmination of present status of area, definition of shore land for making mariculture related shore infrastructure and definitions of areas suitable for mariculture with limits of production. These can make positive situations with avoiding conflicts in exploitation of common resources in future. Zone for marine aquaculture has to be controlled, with an adequate program of monitoring, and implementation of corrective measures has to be applied. Living resources quality in zones for marine aquaculture must be control and protected from pollutant of others activities, by controlling of polluted water in zone, controlling of emission in land in zone (pesticides and fertilizers), and sanitary control of sea

Optimizing non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies against COVID-19 using artificial intelligence

One key task in the early fight against the COVID-19 pandemic was to plan non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the spread of the infection while limiting the burden on the society and economy. With more data on the pandemic being generated, it became possible to model both the infection trends and intervention costs, transforming the creation of an intervention plan into a computational optimization problem. This paper proposes a framework developed to help policy-makers plan the best combination of non-pharmaceutical interventions and to change them over time. We developed a hybrid machine-learning epidemiological model to forecast the infection trends, aggregated the socio-economic costs from the literature and expert knowledge, and used a multi-objective optimization algorithm to find and evaluate various intervention plans. The framework is modular and easily adjustable to a real-world situation, it is trained and tested on data collected from almost all countries in the world, and its proposed intervention plans generally outperform those used in real life in terms of both the number of infections and intervention costs

The politics of performance: transnationalism and its limits in former Yugoslav popular music, 1999–2004

This paper examines transnational relations between the Yugoslav successor states from the point of view of popular music, and demonstrates how transnational musical figures (such as Djordje Balaševi?, Mom?ilo Bajagi?-Bajaga and Ceca Ražnatovi?) are interpreted as symbolic reference points in national ethnopolitical discourse in the process of identity construction. Another symbolic function is served by Serbian turbofolk artists, who in Croatia serve as a cultural resource to distance oneself from a musical genre associated by many urban Croats with the ruralization (and Herzegovinization) of Croatian city space. In addition, value judgements associated with both Serbian and Croatian newly composed folk music provide an insight into the transnational negotiation of conflicting identities in the ex-Yugoslav context. Ultimately the paper shows how the ethnonational boundaries established by nationalizing ideologies created separate cultural spaces which themselves have been transnationalized after Yugoslavia's disintegration