Polymer Nanocomposites by QED Induced EUV Cross-linking

Nanocomposites comprising NPs in a polymer are observed to display significantly enhanced mechanical properties compared to the polymer alone. NP stands for nanoparticle. The NPs are thought to enhance the polymer properties by forming an interphase, but the mechanism is not well understood. Rationally, the design of nanocomposites cannot proceed without knowing the properties of the interphase. Stress-strain curves are required, but conventional tensile tests are not possible because the interphase is nanoscopic. Currently, MD has been proposed as the method for deriving the properties of the interphase. MD stands for molecular dynamics. But MD simulations based on Lennard-Jones or even ab-initio potentials can never be shown to duplicate the stress-strain curve of the interphase that is unknown. In the alternative, QED is proposed to convert the thermal energy in the NPs during processing to EUV radiation that cross-links the polymer in the interphase to enhance mechanical properties. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics and EUV for extreme ultraviolet. Characterization of the interphase therefore proceeds by obtaining stress-strain curves of macroscopic polymer specimens irradiated at the EUV levels expected during thermal processing of the nanocomposite. Only after MD simulations verify force-fields give the experimental stress-strain data are MD simulations of the NPs and interphase performed

Polymer Nanocomposites by QED Induced EUV Cross-linking

Nanocomposites comprising NPs in a polymer are observed to display significantly enhanced mechanical properties compared to the polymer alone. NP stands for nanoparticle. The NPs are thought to enhance the polymer properties by forming an interphase, but the mechanism is not well understood. Rationally, the design of nanocomposites cannot proceed without knowing the properties of the interphase. Stress-strain curves are required, but conventional tensile tests are not possible because the interphase is nanoscopic. Currently, MD has been proposed as the method for deriving the properties of the interphase. MD stands for molecular dynamics. But MD simulations based on Lennard-Jones or even ab-initio potentials can never be shown to duplicate the stress-strain curve of the interphase that is unknown. In the alternative, QED is proposed to convert the thermal energy in the NPs during processing to EUV radiation that cross-links the polymer in the interphase to enhance mechanical properties. QED stands for quantum electrodynamics and EUV for extreme ultraviolet. Characterization of the interphase therefore proceeds by obtaining stress-strain curves of macroscopic polymer specimens irradiated at the EUV levels expected during thermal processing of the nanocomposite. Only after MD simulations verify force-fields give the experimental stress-strain data are MD simulations of the NPs and interphase performed

Design of an Advanced Bundle Divertor for the Demonstration Tokamak Hybrid Reactor

The conclusion of this work is that a bundle divertor, using an improved method of designing the magnetic field configuration, is feasible for the Demonstration Tokamak Hybrid Reactor (DTHR) investigated by Westinghouse. The most significant achievement of this design is the reduction in current density (1 kA/cm/sup 2/) in the divertor coils in comparison to the overall averaged current densities per tesla of field to be nulled for DITE (25 kA/cm/sup 2/) and for ISX-B/sup 2/ (11 kA/cm/sup 2/). Therefore, superconducting magnets can be built into the tight space available with a sound mechanical structure

On the possibility of a cavity QED cold fusion cell

155-157Sonoluminescence (SL) in ultrasonic cavitation may be described by the emission of photons and electrons from the collapse of bubble in liquid H2O in the Planck theory of SL, the bubbles are treated as collapsing masers containing electromagnetic (EM) radiation. By this theory, the SL source is the EM radiation that corresponds to the absorption (and emission) spectra of the liquid H2O bubble wall over the frequency range from the UV to soft X-rays. As the maser collapses, the resonant frequency of the maser always increases. If the maser resonance coincides with the EM emission spectra of the liquid H2O wall, cavity QED induces the EM radiation at the frequency to be spontaneously emitted within the master. But spontaneous EM emission at frequencies lower than the maser resonance is inhibited. SL electrons and photons are created from the inhibited spontaneous EM emission by the Stokes shift, or the photoelectric effect or by the microwaves generated as the bubble collapses. The amount of Planck energy available in bubble collapse far exceeds that necessary for SL. Indeed, the Planck energy available from the focussing of EM radiation into a microscopic cavity during the ultrasonic cavitation of D2O containing D2 gas is sufficient for a limited number of cold fusion events. However, cold fusion in the Planck theory of SL is not limited to the ultrasonic cavitation of bubble in liquid D2O. A solid state cold fusion cell is described comprising a tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) probe a LiD sample. By the Planck theory of SI, EM radiation greater than about 10 keV is produced if the separation between tip and sample is less than about 0.6 angstroms. Hence, cold fusion of the D's may occur each time that the tip taps the sample with the number of cold fusion events being proportional to the tapping frequency. The cell finds application as a low level neutron source. Thermal heating is insignificant

Reactor application of an improved bundle divertor

A Bundle Divertor was chosen as the impurity control and plasma exhaust system for the beam driven Demonstration Tokamak Hybrid Reactor - DTHR. In the context of a preconceptual design study of the reactor and associated facility a bundle divertor concept was developed and integrated into the reactor system. The overall system was found feasible and scalable for reactors with intermediate torodial field strengths on axis. The important design characteristics are: the overall average current density of the divertor coils is 0.73 kA for each tesla of toroidal field on axis; the divertor windings are made from super-conducting cables supported by steel structures and are designed to be maintainable; the particle collection assembly and auxiliary cryosorption vacuum pump are dual systems designed such that they can be reactivated alterntively to allow for continuous reactor operation; and the power requirement for energizing and operating the divertor is about 5 MW

Westinghouse ICF Power Plant Study

Abstract: In this study, two different electric power plants for the production of about 1000 MWe which were based on a CO/sub 2/ laser driver and on a heavy ion driver have been developed and analyzed. The purposes of this study were: (1) to examine in a self consistent way the technological and institutional problems that need to be confronted and solved in order to produce commercially competitive electricity in the 2020 time frame from an inertial fusion reactor, and (2) to compare, on a common basis, the consequences of using two different drivers to initiate the DT fuel pellet explosions. Analytic descriptions of size/performance/cost relationships for each of the subsystems comprising the power plant have been combined into an overall computer code which models the entire plant. This overall model has been used to conduct trade studies which examine the consequences of varying critical design values around the reference point