The Raman Spectrum of Gypsum

In an investigation of the Raman spectra of some ionized substances in aqueous solution, it was found [1] that the frequency shift given by a solution of potassium carbonate was in fairly close agreement with the strongest shift given by calcite. Data for such a comparison in other cases do not appear to exist, for change of frequency on scattering has been measured for only a few crystalline substances. In addition to calcite [2,3,5], these are quartz [2,3,4,5], ice [5], and topaz [6]. No modified frequencies were found in the light scattered by halite [2], NaCl, fluorite [5], CaF2, or by the salts [7] LiF and NaF. In the present paper are described the results of measurements on gypsum, CaSO4•2H20, and a comparison of these with data on ammonium sulfate solution

On model checking data-independent systems with arrays without reset

A system is data-independent with respect to a data type X iff the operations it can perform on values of type X are restricted to just equality testing. The system may also store, input and output values of type X. We study model checking of systems which are data-independent with respect to two distinct type variables X and Y, and may in addition use arrays with indices from X and values from Y . Our main interest is the following parameterised model-checking problem: whether a given program satisfies a given temporal-logic formula for all non-empty nite instances of X and Y . Initially, we consider instead the abstraction where X and Y are infinite and where partial functions with finite domains are used to model arrays. Using a translation to data-independent systems without arrays, we show that the u-calculus model-checking problem is decidable for these systems. From this result, we can deduce properties of all systems with finite instances of X and Y . We show that there is a procedure for the above parameterised model-checking problem of the universal fragment of the u-calculus, such that it always terminates but may give false negatives. We also deduce that the parameterised model-checking problem of the universal disjunction-free fragment of the u-calculus is decidable. Practical motivations for model checking data-independent systems with arrays include verification of memory and cache systems, where X is the type of memory addresses, and Y the type of storable values. As an example we verify a fault-tolerant memory interface over a set of unreliable memories.Comment: Appeared in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming, vol. 4, no. 5&6, 200

Some Recent Supreme Court Decisions Relating to Negotiable Instruments

Address by Roscoe T. Steffen, Professor of Law at Yale University School of Law, delivered before the Indiana State Bar Association at Lake Wawasee July 11, 1936

Invalid Patents And Price Control

It requires no argument to make the point that price-fixing agreements, when based on invalid patents, are illegal. The proposition is almost self-evident. Mere paper patents, surely, afford no sanctuary for the otherwise illegal combination in restraint of trade. But, of course, when the Government is plaintiff, the question is not brought up quite so bluntly; there is first a sort of preliminary question: whether the Government, having itself issued the patents, may properly be heard to question their validity. The question thus becomes a mixed one of law and morals: law, in that the courts will not interfere in certain cases with the determinations of administrative tribunals ; morals, in that it is said the Government may not, in good faith, take away with its left hand that which it has given with its right. Of course, he who runs will note that, by this shift, it is possible largely to obscure what the uninitiated might think was the first question, that is, whether anti-monopoly legislation is to be fully enforced in the public interest. Unfortunately, that question simply cannot be reached at once, it would seem, if at all. And anyone can see that if the Government may not contest the validity or scope of the patents used by the members of industry to support their various price-fixing schemes, the result will be that a considerable area of the public domain has been set aside in which such combinations, although illegal, may operate with impunity

Impacts of harmonic distortion from charging electric vehicles on low voltage networks

Paper focusing on the impacts of harmonic distortion from charging electric vehicles on low voltage networks

Some Recent Supreme Court Decisions Relating to Negotiable Instruments

Address by Roscoe T. Steffen, Professor of Law at Yale University School of Law, delivered before the Indiana State Bar Association at Lake Wawasee July 11, 1936

Independent Contractor and the Good Life

The legal literature about the independent contractor has been occupied, almost exclusively, with the question of how best to identify him. Since early in the last century, when the name was first bestowed to express the idea that he is a citizen and quite able to pay his own way, his actual existence as a member of society in good standing has gone without question-that is, until very recently. Of late however, there has been a growing tendency, somewhat emotional in character, to look upon him with disfavor, as little more than a sham, a mere lawyer\u27s device, conceived in sin and brought forth to provide undeserved immunity.\u27 Though we steadfastly refuse to give much weight to this ethical judgment, it has its effect. Indeed, the matter has gone so far that the question now is whether the contractor has had a fair hearing; possibly he is being condemned upon insufficient evidence. At all events something in the way of a legal-sociological investigation is in order, which while perhaps not exonerating him in full should at least show more clearly what his place in society is and-hesitantly-should be

Negotiability of Corporate Bonds

There has smouldered for many years a question whether theNegotiable Instruments Law should apply to long term commercialpaper-the bonds, debentures, equipment trust certificatesand other instruments invented by an ingenious financial community.Not that any one doubts that such paper should be negotiable,for there has been no criticism of the decisions so holding,nor has there been much concern whether negotiability wasreached under the Act or by common law recognition of custom.But when, as has happened several times in recent years, an instrumentof this class has run afoul the statute and been heldnon-negotiable, a considerable flare-up has resulted.\u27 Heatedstatements have been made decrying the stereotyping, strait-jacketing effect of the Act; it is said that the courtsmust be given room within which newly devised instrumentsmay be recognized, and that bonds, being long term paper, arefunctionally different from notes, bills and checks-in fact, aretraded in by different people. From this it has been somewhathastily concluded that the Act should have no application to suchpaper. This, it is fair to say, has become the general opinionamong writers on the subject