Visualising urban air quality using aermod, calpuff and CFD models: A critical review

Degradation of air quality level can affect human's health especially respiratory and circulatory system. This is because the harmful particles will penetrate into human's body through exposure to surrounding. The existence of air pollution event is one of the causes for air quality to be low in affected urban area. To monitor this event, a proper management of urban air quality is required to solve and reduce the impact on human and environment. One of the ways to manage urban air quality is by modelling ambient air pollutants. So, this paper reviews three modelling tools which are AERMOD, CALPUFF and CFD in order to visualise the air pollutants in urban area. These three tools have its own capability in modelling the air quality. AERMOD is better to be used in short range dispersion model while CALPUFF is for wide range of dispersion model. Somehow, it is different for CFD model as this model can be used in wide range of application such as air ventilation in clothing and not specifically for air quality modelling only. Because of this, AERMOD and CALPUFF model can be classified in air quality modelling tools group whereas CFD modelling tool is classified into different group namely a non-specific modelling tool group which can be implemented in many fields of study. Earlier air quality researches produced results in two-dimensional (2D) visualization. But there are several of disadvantages for this technique. It cannot provide height information and exact location of pollutants in three-dimensional (3D) as perceived in real world. Moreover, it cannot show a good representation of wind movement throughout the study area. To overcome this problem, the 3D visualization needs to be implemented in the urban air quality study. Thus, this paper intended to give a better understanding on modeling tools with the visualization technique used for the result of performed research

Spatial adjacency analysis of citygml buildings via 3d topological data structure

Adjacencies between objects provides the most basic connectivity information of objects. This connectivity information provides support for more complex 3D spatial analysis such as 3D navigation, nearest neighbour and others. In 3D models, the connectivity information is maintained by building a comprehensive 3D topology. As the international standard for 3D city models, CityGML employs a simple XML links mechanism that references related entities to each other as a means of maintaining topological information. This method fulfils the purpose of relating connected entities but, it does not describe how the entities are related or in other words its adjacencies. In this study, a 3D topological data structure was utilised to preserve topological primitives and maintain connectivity information for CityGML datasets of buildings in LoD2. The adjacencies tested in this study were based on the topological links maintained by the Compact Abstract Cell Complexes 3D topological data structure. Four types of adjacencies were tested which are Point-to-Line, Line-to-Surface, Surface-to-Surface and Volume-to-Volume adjacency. As a result, all adjacencies were able to be executed for both datasets which consisted of two connected buildings and disjointed buildings. It was found that the ability of the 3D topological data structure to preserve topological primitives and build topological links supported the maintenance of connectivity information between buildings. The maintenance of connectivity information was also not limited to objects of the same dimension and could extend to connectivity between building elements in different dimensions

CELL COMPLEXES TOPOLOGICAL LINKS FOR BUILDINGS IN CITYGML

Topology has served as the foundation for analysis in modelling cities and buildings. CityGML as an international standard for 3D city modelling utilises a simple ‘topology-incidence’ which links connected geometries by reference without the presence of a complete topological model to explicitly preserve the topological properties. This paper explains the use of cell complexes topological links for buildings in CityGML. Two datasets were used in this study which consisted of two connected buildings and two disjointed buildings. The geometries which make up the buildings were extracted as 0D nodes, 1D lines, 2D surfaces and 3D buildings. The resulting topological links generated are from a-0 links to a-3 links where a-0 links are lines that connect nodes (1D), a-1 links are connected lines that form surfaces (2D), a-2 links are connected surfaces that makes up a building (3D) and a-3 links represents connections between 3D buildings. The connected buildings started with a generated total of 57 a-0 links which decreased to 2 a-2 links where each building is represented by 1 a-2 link. A similar result was obtained for the disjointed buildings where ultimately the buildings were individually represented by an a-2 link. Besides that, a-3 links could be generated for the connected buildings which described that building 0 was connected to building 1 and vice versa. This shows that the cell complexes topological links is a simple yet compact way of preserving topological properties and facilitating navigation through the connected objects

A review on measuring entrepreneurs' social behaviour via spatial analysis techniques

This article reviews the subject of entrepreneur with a focus on the components of the entrepreneurial personality traits that are reflected in entrepreneur behaviour. Human behaviour receives a warm welcome in social psychology for examination and measurement of individual social behaviour. There are a number of tools to measure human behaviour in social science such as Likert scale, Indices, Social Network Analysis, E-scan and lastly most popular Big Five Factor Model. In entrepreneurship, entrepreneur's personality can be reflected in their action, activity, and behaviour in certain space such as traveling to find raw resources in certain distance or their decision on size of the shop. Using in-depth observation and examination of this behaviour, there are several spatial elements that could lead to the possibility in implementing spatial measurement in entrepreneur behaviour. However, there is a scarcity of research and implementation of the spatial measurement on entrepreneur behaviour, even though it is already acknowledged that space influences human behaviour and vice versa human behaviour has an impact on space. Thus, this article aims to highlight the possibility of implementing spatial measurement in entrepreneur behaviour and current exploration of spatial measurement for human behaviours

Finite-dimensional Schwinger basis, deformed symmetries, Wigner function, and an algebraic approach to quantum phase

Schwinger's finite (D) dimensional periodic Hilbert space representations are studied on the toroidal lattice {\ee Z}_{D} \times {\ee Z}_{D} with specific emphasis on the deformed oscillator subalgebras and the generalized representations of the Wigner function. These subalgebras are shown to be admissible endowed with the non-negative norm of Hilbert space vectors. Hence, they provide the desired canonical basis for the algebraic formulation of the quantum phase problem. Certain equivalence classes in the space of labels are identified within each subalgebra, and connections with area-preserving canonical transformations are examined. The generalized representations of the Wigner function are examined in the finite-dimensional cyclic Schwinger basis. These representations are shown to conform to all fundamental conditions of the generalized phase space Wigner distribution. As a specific application of the Schwinger basis, the number-phase unitary operator pair in {\ee Z}_{D} \times {\ee Z}_{D} is studied and, based on the admissibility of the underlying q-oscillator subalgebra, an {\it algebraic} approach to the unitary quantum phase operator is established. This being the focus of this work, connections with the Susskind-Glogower- Carruthers-Nieto phase operator formalism as well as standard action-angle Wigner function formalisms are examined in the infinite-period limit. The concept of continuously shifted Fock basis is introduced to facilitate the Fock space representations of the Wigner function.Comment: 19 pages, no figure

A preliminary study on the formation of land legislation and cadastre system in Sarawak, Malaysia

Recent decades have witnessed a perceptible impact of land policy and cadastre on the urbanisation around the globe. Land legislation and cadastre system are the tools and mechanisms in order to achieve the objectives of land policy in delivering sustainable development. According to the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, article 74 empowers the State Legislative Assemblies to enact laws for the matters under the state list while land matters are one of the subjects under the list. Land matters in Sarawak are governed by Sarawak state government, resulting in different land legislation and cadastre system as compared to Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, this paper aims to give an overview on the land legislation and cadastre system in Sarawak. The chronological evolutions of land legislation from the past to present are discussed. The cadastre system in Sarawak is also presented. On top of that, this paper attempts to review the literature concerning the subject matter of land legislation and cadastre from various countries, which in turn provides valuable lessons for Sarawak. A total of eight recent publications were chosen for review. Each of the publications is analysed based on the title, subject matter, research question, methodology, results and lessons for Sarawak. Towards the end of this paper, the key lessons from the review are presented

URBAN HEAT ISLAND MICRO-MAPPING VIA 3D CITY MODEL

Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon has been a topic of intense study over the past several years. However, to visualise UHI model is still an issue. Common visualisation of UHI by using digital thematic maps shows that it is hard to perceive its impacts especially in a sophisticated micro-area such as in urbanized cities. Moreover, different building façade’s material gives different UHI value. Therefore, there is a need in computing and visualising this phenomenon in three-dimensional (3D) perspectives. Recently, the development of 3D city modelling shows the potential of solving these gaps. This can be seen from the characteristics of 3D city models that are suitable in representing micro-areas (complex cities) for UHI studies. Based on this issue, this research aims to produce a 3D UHI model by using 3D city models as a tool for efficient and sustainable building design. The main objective is to produce a new approach in visualising UHI in 3D perspectives by instigating 3D city models. Thus, the UHI effect could be predicted precisely by calculating the building façades value. This research explores the 3D shadow analysis, 3D solar radiation and 3D orientation analysis in UHI modelling via 3D city models. From the analyses, the results show that the 3D city models are capable in presenting the solar radiation value for each building façade. Furthermore, this approach can be used to simulate future UHI analysis-prediction and advantageous for pre-development planning

Operator Algebra in Chern-Simons Theory on a Torus

We consider Chern-Simons gauge theory on a torus with both nonrelativistic and relativistic matter. It is shown that the Hamiltonian and two total momenta commute among themselves only in the physical Hilbert space. We also discuss relations among degenerate physical states, degenerate vacua, and the existence of multicomponent Schrodinger wavefunctions.Comment: 12 pages, TPI-Minn-92/41-T, UMN-TH-1105/9

Towards 3D smart campus via 3D city modelling

The smart city concept may aid in improving the city management, enhance the efficiency and thus increase the effectiveness of the city, where it is mainly focused on both information and technologies. This concept appears to be applicable for a smaller area such as university campus. Based on this idea, this research tries to implement the 3D smart campus for Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). This is an initial research towards a real implementation of 3D smart campus and conceivably 3D smart cities. This research focuses on the development of UTM smart campus by using 3D city modelling. The QGIS software was used to develop the 3D models. Then, the 3D model is viewed in a web browser for better 3D visualization and navigation. Furthermore, the results show that the 3D developed models for UTM smart campus can be a reliable platform to manage the spatial query and viewing the attributes of UTM campus buildings and facilities. This can be seen beneficial to the physical future development of the UTM campus area

Acoustic Metameterial with Negative Modulus

We present experimental and theoretical results on an acoustic metamaterial that exhibits negative effective modulus in a frequency range from 0 to 450 Hz. One-dimensional acoustic metamaterial with an array of side holes on a tube was fabricated. We observed that acoustic waves above 450 Hz propagated well in this structure, but no sound below 450 Hz passed through. The frequency characteristics of the metamaterial has the same form as that of the permittivity in metals due to the plasma oscillation. We also provide a theory to explain the experimental results