Commitment of Parents and Doctors of Irkutsk City to Vaccination against Tick-Borne Encephalitis

Today in Irkutsk region, we face a noticeable increase in the number of cases of ixodid tick sucking to urban residents. Ticks, found in the territory of Irkutsk city, were detected to have all currently known pathogens causing such serious diseases as tick-borne encephalitis, tick-borne borreliosis, monocytic ehrlichiosis, granulocytic anaplasmosis, rickettsiosis and tick-borne recurrent fever. These diseases may develop to severe  forms, and lead to disability or even death.  The aim of the study was to evaluate the opinion of parents and doctors on vaccination against tick-borne viral encephalitis in Irkutsk based on the data of an anonymous questionnaire survey.Material and methods. The descriptive retrospective epidemiological study was conducted between November 2018 and January 2019. It included 1620 parents and 193 doctors of various specialties in Irkutsk. Statistical processing of the material was carried out using Excel tables (Windows 2010) and the Statistica 6.0 program.Results and discussion. In general, the attitude towards vaccination looks positive – 98 % of the parents vaccinate their children. 11.3 % of parents vaccinate their children from tick-borne encephalitis, 23.3 % of doctors vaccinate themselves. Every fourth doctor vaccinates his child against this infection.Conclusion. Insufficient vaccination coverage against tick-borne encephalitis is noted both among the population and among doctors of Irkutsk. It is important to introduce health education for the population and to adopt new ways for improving the qualifications of doctors in immunization issues

Мнение врачей различных специальностей о вакцинации: опасения и ожидания

Purpose of the study. To study the view of the Irkutsk physicians of different specialities on the vaccination.Materials and methods. We assessed the degree of awareness of 324 physicians of different specialities on the preventive vaccination based on the data of cross-sectional descriptive multicenter research. All the respondents were divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 218) – physicians prescribing vaccination for children (pediatricians, neonatologists); group 2 (n = 54) – physicians prescribing vaccination for adults (general practitioners, obstetricians-gynecologists); group 3 (n = 52) – physicians who can consult on the problems of vaccinations (neurologists and other physicians). Statistical analysis of the research results was carried out using Statistica 6.0. Critical level of statistical significancep assumed equal 0,05.Results. Physicians aged 21 to 50 years old prevailed (251/324 – 77,5%). Pediatricians (89/159 – 56%; χ2 = 5,94; df = 1; p < 0,05) and neurologists (19/27– 70,4%; χ2 = 4,46; p < 0,05) state their «sufficient» level of awareness on the vaccination. Obstetricians-gynecologists (28/42 – 66,6%; χ2 = 4,78; p < 0,05) state their «insufficient» level of awareness on the vaccination. Physicians of group 1 more often inform patients about the importance of vaccination (χ2 = 7,9, p < 0.01 and χ2 = 6,3, p < 0,05, respectively) and consider it necessary to vaccinate children additionally from current infections, unlike physicians of group 2 (χ2 = 27,6; df = 1; p < 0,0001). Most of the respondents (211/324 – 65,1%) agree with the necessity of introduction of a law on parental responsibility in case of vaccine-controlled disease for his child.Conclusion. Monitoring the adherence of physicians to immunologic prophylaxis for themselves and their patients will allow timely identification and elimination of emerging contradictions and problems, as well as to maintain a high level of confidence in vaccination among the population.  Цель: изучение отношения к вакцинации врачей разных специальностей г. Иркутска.Материалы и методы. По данным кросс-секционного описательного многоцентрового исследования проведена оценка информированности в вопросах вакцинопрофилактики 324 врачей разных специальностей. Из указанной выборки респондентов были выделены 3  группы: группа 1 (n = 218) – врачи, назначающие вакцинацию детям (педиатры, неонатологи); группа 2 (n = 54) – врачи, назначающие вакцинацию взрослым (терапевты, акушеры-гинекологи); группа 3 (n = 52) – врачи, которые могут консультировать по вопросам вакцинации (неврологи, хирурги и другие специалисты). Статистический анализ результатов проведён с использованием программы «Statistica 6.0». Критический уровень значимости при проверке статистических гипотез о существовании различий показателей между группами p принят равным 0,05.Результаты. Среди респондентов преобладали специалисты в возрасте от 21 до 50 лет (251/324 – 77,5%). О «достаточном» уровне знаний по вопросам вакцинации заявляют врачи-педиатры (89/159 – 56%; χ2 = 5,94; df = 1; p < 0,05) и врачи-неврологи (19/27 –70,4%; χ2 = 4,46; p < 0,05). «Недостаточными» признали свои знания врачи акушеры-гинекологи (28/41 – 66,6%; χ2 = 4,78; p < 0,05). Специалисты группы 1 чаще информируют пациентов о важности прививок (χ2 = 7,9, р < 0,01) и считают необходимым прививать детей дополнительно – от актуальных инфекций, в отличие от врачей из группы 2 (χ2 = 27,6; df = 1; р < 0,0001). Многие опрошенные (211/324 – 65,1%) согласны с необходимостью юридической ответственности родителя в случае возникновения у его ребёнка заболевания, контролируемого вакцинопрофилактикой. Заключение. Мониторинг приверженности врачей к иммунопрофилактике для себя и своих пациентов позволит своевременно выявлять и устранять возникающие противоречия, а также поддерживать высокий уровень доверия к вакцинации у населения

TIME CONSTRAINTS ON THE FORMATION OF THE KANDALAKSHA AND KERETSK GRABENS OF THE WHITE SEA PALEO-RIFT SYSTEM FROM NEW ISOTOPIC GEOCHRONOLOGICAL DATA

Initially, the age and stratigraphic position of the Tersk formation were determined with respect to the fact that this formation overlaps the Early Proterozoic granitoids. Its top was marked by the rocks penetrated by the Late Devonian alkaline intrusions, including explosion pipes.This article presents the U-Pb isotopic dating of detrital zircon grains (dZr) from sandstones of the Tersk formation. It describes the geochemical compositions of the rocks and the Sm-Nd study results. In our study, the weighted average age of four youngest dZr grains from the sandstones of the Tersk formation is 1145±20 Ma, which suggests that the rocks above the studied rock layer (see the Tersk formation cross-section) are is not older than the end of the Middle Riphean. The U-Pb isotopic ages of dZr grains (provenance signals) from the sandstones of the Tersk formation were compared to the ages of other Upper Precambrian clastic strata in the northeastern East European platform (EEP) and adjacent areas. Our comparative analysis shows that these rocks significantly differ in age. This conclusion is in good agreement with the idea that at the end of the Middle and during the Late Riphean, several small (mainly closed) basins separated by uplifts dominated in the paleogeographic setting of the area wherein the White Sea rift system (WSRS) formed and developed. Temporal connections of these basins with the ocean were possible. Such paleogeographic setting does not favour the development of large rivers; this is why the grabens are mainly filled with local rock materials. The Keretsk and Kandalaksha grabens (WSRS) are filled with marine sediments eroded from the grabens walls. The local sediment sources include eclogite complexes (~1.9 Ga), which basic magmatism is dated at ~2.4–2.5 and ~2.7–2.9 Ga. Any potential primary sources for dZr grains are lacking in the area near the Keretsk graben. We suggest that such grains occurred due to recycling of the secondary sources of zircon, i.e. originated from ancient local sedimentary formations

О ВРЕМЕНИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КАНДАЛАКШСКОГО И КЕРЕЦКОГО ГРАБЕНОВ ПАЛЕОРИФТОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ БЕЛОГО МОРЯ В СВЕТЕ НОВЫХ ДАННЫХ ИЗОТОПНОЙ ГЕОХРОНОЛОГИИ

Initially, the age and stratigraphic position of the Tersk formation were determined with respect to the fact that this formation overlaps the Early Proterozoic granitoids. Its top was marked by the rocks penetrated by the Late Devonian alkaline intrusions, including explosion pipes.This article presents the U-Pb isotopic dating of detrital zircon grains (dZr) from sandstones of the Tersk formation. It describes the geochemical compositions of the rocks and the Sm-Nd study results. In our study, the weighted average age of four youngest dZr grains from the sandstones of the Tersk formation is 1145±20 Ma, which suggests that the rocks above the studied rock layer (see the Tersk formation cross-section) are is not older than the end of the Middle Riphean. The U-Pb isotopic ages of dZr grains (provenance signals) from the sandstones of the Tersk formation were compared to the ages of other Upper Precambrian clastic strata in the northeastern East European platform (EEP) and adjacent areas. Our comparative analysis shows that these rocks significantly differ in age. This conclusion is in good agreement with the idea that at the end of the Middle and during the Late Riphean, several small (mainly closed) basins separated by uplifts dominated in the paleogeographic setting of the area wherein the White Sea rift system (WSRS) formed and developed. Temporal connections of these basins with the ocean were possible. Such paleogeographic setting does not favour the development of large rivers; this is why the grabens are mainly filled with local rock materials. The Keretsk and Kandalaksha grabens (WSRS) are filled with marine sediments eroded from the grabens walls. The local sediment sources include eclogite complexes (~1.9 Ga), which basic magmatism is dated at ~2.4–2.5 and ~2.7–2.9 Ga. Any potential primary sources for dZr grains are lacking in the area near the Keretsk graben. We suggest that such grains occurred due to recycling of the secondary sources of zircon, i.e. originated from ancient local sedimentary formations.На начальном этапе исследований возраст и стратиграфическое положение терской свиты ограничивались снизу ее налеганием на раннепротерозойские гранитоиды, а сверху – тем, что породы терской свиты вмещают позднедевонские щелочные интрузии (в том числе и трубки взрыва).В статье представлены результаты U-Pb изотопного датирования зерен детритового циркона (dZr) из песчаников терской свиты, дополненные определениями химического состава пород и результатами их изотопного Sm-Nd изучения. Полученный средневзвешенный возраст четырех наиболее молодых зерен dZr из песчаников терской свиты составил 1145±20 млн лет, что означает, что часть разреза терской свиты, залегающая выше изученного уровня, не может быть древнее конца среднего рифея. Сравнительный анализ полученного набора U-Pb изотопных датировок зерен dZr (провенанс-сигнала) из песчаников терской свиты и аналогичных данных по другим верхнедокембрийским обломочным толщам, распространенным на северо-востоке Восточно-Европейской платформы и в сопредельных регионах, выявил существенные различия. Это находится в хорошем соответствии с представлениями о том, что палеогеографическую обстановку, господствовавшую в конце среднего и в позднем рифее в области заложения и развития рифтовой системы Белого моря (РСБМ), можно рассматривать как совокупность небольших (часто бессточных) бассейнов, разделенных поднятиями. Эти бассейны могли время от времени иметь связь с Мировым океаном. Такая палеогеографическая ситуация не благоприятствовала развитию крупных рек, поэтому грабены заполнялись преимущественно материалом местного происхождения. Кандалакшский и Керецкий грабены РСБМ заполнены осадками морского генезиса, представляющими собой преимущественно продукты размыва вещественных комплексов, участвующих в строении бортов этих грабенов. Среди местных локальных источников идентифицированы эклогитовые комплексы с возрастом метаморфизма ~1.9 млрд лет и базитовового магматизма с возрастом ~2.4–2.5 и ~2.7–2.9 млрд лет. Попадание зерен dZr, для которых нет потенциальных близких первичных источников, расположенных около Керецкого грабена, произошло за счет рециклинга из вторичных источников циркона – местных древних осадочных образований

Isotope-geochronological study of Ingozero massive (the Kola Peninsula)

The Ingozero massive composed of Archeaen gneisses and granitoids is situated in the north-eastern part of the Belomorian mobile belt. The Ingozero massive petrochemical and geochemical characteristics are similar to those of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) complexes established on other Archean shields. High concentrations of Na, Ca, and low of K characterize the gneisses of the Ingozero massif and the samples points lie on the tonalite and trondhjemite fields on the Ab-An-Or diagram. The high content of light rare earth elements and the absence of Eu anomalies indicate the origin of rocks from enriched sources without the essential role of fractional crystallization. The isotope U-Pb single zircon grains dating of the biotite gneisses yielded the oldest age for the Ingozero gneisses magmatic protolith at 3 149 ± 46 Ma. Model Sm-Nd ages have shown the formation of the gneisses protolith initial melt occurred at 3.1–2.8 Ga. The ages of metamorphic processes were determined by isotope U-Pb dating (ID TIMS): biotite gneisses – 2 697 ± 9 Ma; amphibole-biotite gneisses – 2 725 ± 2 and 2667 ± 7 Ma; and biotite-amphibole gneisses – 2 727 ± 5 Ma. The ages for granitoids, which cut the deformed gneisses are 2 615 ± 8 Ma and 2 549 ± 30 Ma for plagiogranites and pegmatoid veins in gneisses respectively

Views of the physicians of different specialities on the vaccination: concerns and expectations

Purpose of the study. To study the view of the Irkutsk physicians of different specialities on the vaccination.Materials and methods. We assessed the degree of awareness of 324 physicians of different specialities on the preventive vaccination based on the data of cross-sectional descriptive multicenter research. All the respondents were divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 218) – physicians prescribing vaccination for children (pediatricians, neonatologists); group 2 (n = 54) – physicians prescribing vaccination for adults (general practitioners, obstetricians-gynecologists); group 3 (n = 52) – physicians who can consult on the problems of vaccinations (neurologists and other physicians). Statistical analysis of the research results was carried out using Statistica 6.0. Critical level of statistical significancep assumed equal 0,05.Results. Physicians aged 21 to 50 years old prevailed (251/324 – 77,5%). Pediatricians (89/159 – 56%; χ2 = 5,94; df = 1; p < 0,05) and neurologists (19/27– 70,4%; χ2 = 4,46; p < 0,05) state their «sufficient» level of awareness on the vaccination. Obstetricians-gynecologists (28/42 – 66,6%; χ2 = 4,78; p < 0,05) state their «insufficient» level of awareness on the vaccination. Physicians of group 1 more often inform patients about the importance of vaccination (χ2 = 7,9, p < 0.01 and χ2 = 6,3, p < 0,05, respectively) and consider it necessary to vaccinate children additionally from current infections, unlike physicians of group 2 (χ2 = 27,6; df = 1; p < 0,0001). Most of the respondents (211/324 – 65,1%) agree with the necessity of introduction of a law on parental responsibility in case of vaccine-controlled disease for his child.Conclusion. Monitoring the adherence of physicians to immunologic prophylaxis for themselves and their patients will allow timely identification and elimination of emerging contradictions and problems, as well as to maintain a high level of confidence in vaccination among the population