Implementation/validation of a low Reynolds number two-equation turbulence model in the Proteus Navier-Stokes code: Two-dimensional/axisymmetric

The implementation and validation of the Chien low Reynolds number k-epsilon turbulence model in the two dimensional axisymmetric version Proteus, a compressible Navier-Stokes computer code, are presented. The set of k-epsilon equations are solved by marching in time using a coupled alternating direction implicit (ADI) solution procedure with generalized first or second order time differencing. To validate Proteus and the k-epsilon turbulence model, laminar and turbulent computations were done for several benchmark test cases: incompressible fully developed 2-D channel flow; fully developed axisymmetric pipe flow; boundary layer flow over a flat plate; and turbulent Sajben subsonic transonic diffuser flows. Proteus results from these test cases showed good agreement with analytical results and experimental data. Detailed comparisons of both mean flow and turbulent quantities showed that the Chien k-epsilon turbulence model given good results over a wider range of turbulent flow than the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model in the Proteus code with no significant CPU time penalty for more complicated flow cases

DNA Rereplication Is Susceptible to Nucleotide-Level Mutagenesis.

The sources of genome instability, a hallmark of cancer, remain incompletely understood. One potential source is DNA rereplication, which arises when the mechanisms that prevent the reinitiation of replication origins within a single cell cycle are compromised. Using the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we previously showed that DNA rereplication is extremely potent at inducing gross chromosomal alterations and that this arises in part because of the susceptibility of rereplication forks to break. Here, we examine the ability of DNA rereplication to induce nucleotide-level mutations. During normal replication these mutations are restricted by three overlapping error-avoidance mechanisms: the nucleotide selectivity of replicative polymerases, their proofreading activity, and mismatch repair. Using lys2InsEA14 , a frameshift reporter that is poorly proofread, we show that rereplication induces up to a 30× higher rate of frameshift mutations and that this mutagenesis is due to passage of the rereplication fork, not secondary to rereplication fork breakage. Rereplication can also induce comparable rates of frameshift and base-substitution mutations in a more general mutagenesis reporter CAN1, when the proofreading activity of DNA polymerase ε is inactivated. Finally, we show that the rereplication-induced mutagenesis of both lys2InsEA14 and CAN1 disappears in the absence of mismatch repair. These results suggest that mismatch repair is attenuated during rereplication, although at most sequences DNA polymerase proofreading provides enough error correction to mitigate the mutagenic consequences. Thus, rereplication can facilitate nucleotide-level mutagenesis in addition to inducing gross chromosomal alterations, broadening its potential role in genome instability

Mechanism of the Enzymic Reduction of N_2: The Binding of Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate and Cyanide to the N_2-reducing System

The in vitro reduction of N_2 is a complex process involving at least six different reactants: two proteins [1,2] for which the names azoferredoxin (AzoFd) and molybdoferredoxin (MoFd) have been proposed[3], an electron source, the electron acceptor, ATP[4], and Mg2+[5-7]. One of the goals of research in this area is to define the orderly and quantitative participation of these reactants leading to the reduction of the electron acceptor with concomitant breakdown of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate[7]. The work described in this paper shows that (1) AzoFd reversibly binds both ATP, a reactant in N2 reduction, and ADP, a specific inhibitor of N2 reduction, and (2) MoFd reversibly binds cyanide, which is also reduced by the N_2-reducing system. It is suggested that the binding of ATP and of cyanide are partial reactions of the N_2-reducing system

Extracting multiword expressions from texts with the aid of online resources

Research in recent years has emphasized the ubiquity and pedagogical significance of multiword expressions (MWEs) (e.g. Siyanova-Chanturia & Pellicer-Sánchez, 2018). However, accumulating a sizeable repertoire of MWEs remains a challenge to language learners. Aiming to shed light on one potential pedagogical path, this classroom-based research project investigates the effectiveness of ‘text-chunking’, an activity where learners are asked to extract MWEs from authentic texts. The participants were two intact classes of Vietnamese EFL learners in their second tertiary year. Over ten weeks, the experimental group (n=26) engaged in weekly text-chunking practice, while a comparison group (n=30) used the same reading materials for content-related activities. The experimental group was taught to consult online dictionaries and an online corpus to verify their identification of MWEs. Their discussions were audio-recorded every week. A pre-test and two post-tests (immediate and delayed) on the form recall of 52 target items revealed significantly greater learning gains in the experimental group, with a medium effect size. Post-treatment questionnaires also suggested these students’ heightened awareness of MWEs and autonomous learning strategies. This presentation will highlight these main findings and, more importantly, discuss the implications for language teachers on how to better scaffold learners in their MWE acquisition. Pedagogical suggestions on how extracting MWEs from texts can be done using online resources to adapt the changes caused by Covid-19 conclude the talk

Structure-specified H∞ loop shaping control for balancing of bicycle robots: A particle swarm optimization approach

In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to design the structure-specified H∞ loop shaping controllers for balancing of bicycle robots. The structure-specified H∞ loop shaping controller design normally leads to a complex optimization problem. PSO is an efficient meta-heuristic search which is used to solve multi-objectives and non-convex optimizations. A model-based systematic procedure for designing the particle swarm optimization-based structure-specified H∞ loop shaping controllers was proposed in this research. The structure of the obtained controllers are therefore simpler. The simulation and experimental results showed that the robustness and efficiency of the proposed controllers was gained when compared with the proportional plus derivative (PD) as well as conventional H∞ loop shaping controller. The simulation results also showed a better efficiency of the developed control algorithm compared to the Genetic Algorithm based one

CFD Analysis of Nozzle Jet Plume Effects on Sonic Boom Signature

An axisymmetric full Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics study is conducted to examine nozzle exhaust jet plume effects on the sonic boom signature of a supersonic aircraft. A simplified axisymmetric nozzle geometry, representative of the nozzle on the NASA Dryden NF-15B Lift and Nozzle Change Effects on Tail Shock research airplane, is considered. The computational fluid dynamics code is validated using available wind-tunnel sonic boom experimental data. The effects of grid size, spatial order of accuracy, grid type, and flow viscosity on the accuracy of the predicted sonic boom pressure signature are quantified. Grid lines parallel to the Mach wave direction are found to give the best results. Second-order accurate upwind methods are required as a minimum for accurate sonic boom simulations. The highly underexpanded nozzle flow is found to provide significantly more reduction in the tail shock strength in the sonic boom N-wave pressure signature than perfectly expanded and overexpanded nozzle flows. A tail shock train in the sonic boom signature is observed for the highly underexpanded nozzle flow. Axisymmetric computational fluid dynamics simulations show the flow physics inside the F-15 nozzle to be nonisentropic and complex. Although the one-dimensional isentropic nozzle plume results look reasonable, they fail to capture the sonic boom shock train in the highly underexpanded nozzle flow

Non-contact thickness measurement using UTG

A measurement structure for determining the thickness of a specimen without mechanical contact but instead employing ultrasonic waves including an ultrasonic transducer and an ultrasonic delay line connected to the transducer by a retainer or collar. The specimen, whose thickness is to be measured, is positioned below the delay line. On the upper surface of the specimen a medium such as a drop of water is disposed which functions to couple the ultrasonic waves from the delay line to the specimen. A receiver device, which may be an ultrasonic thickness gauge, receives reflected ultrasonic waves reflected from the upper and lower surface of the specimen and determines the thickness of the specimen based on the time spacing of the reflected waves

Failure Mechanism of True 2D Granular Flows

Most previous experimental investigations of two-dimensional (2D) granular column collapses have been conducted using three-dimensional (3D) granular materials in narrow horizontal channels (i.e., quasi-2D condition). Our recent research on 2D granular column collapses by using 2D granular materials (i.e., aluminum rods) has revealed results that differ markedly from those reported in the literature. We assume a 2D column with an initial height of h0 and initial width of d0, a defined as their ratio (a =h0/d0), a final height of h , and maximum run-out distance of d . The experimental data suggest that for the low a regime (a <0.65) the ratio of the final height to initial height is 1. However, for the high a regime (a >0.65), the ratio of a to (d-d0)/d0, h0/h , or d/d0 is expressed by power-law relations. In particular, the following power-function ratios (h0/h=1.42a^2/3 and d/d0=4.30a^0.72) are proposed for every a >0.65. In contrast, the ratio (d-d0)/d0=3.25a^0.96 only holds for 0.65< a1.5. In addition, the influence of ground contact surfaces (hard or soft beds) on the final run-out distance and destruction zone of the granular column under true 2D conditions is investigated.Comment: 8 page

Geomechanics in unconventional resource development

To economically produce from very low permeability shale formations, hydraulic fracturing stimulation is typically used to improve their conductivity. This process deforms and breaks the rock, hence requires the geomechanics data and calculation. The development of unconventional reservoirs requires large geomechanical data, and geomechanics has involved in all calculations of the unconventional reservoir projects. Geomechanics has numerous contributions to the development of unconventional reservoirs from reservoir characterization and well construction to hydraulic fracturing and reservoir modeling as well as environmental aspect. This paper reviews and highlights some important aspects of geomechanics on the successful development of unconventional reservoirs as well as outlines the recent development in unconventional reservoir geomechanics. The main objective is to emphasize the importance of geomechanical data and geomechanics and how they are being used in in all aspects of unconventional reservoir projects.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl