Privatisation in China: softly, softly does it

India’s halting attempts at privatisation and its preference, for the most part, for disinvestment have been roundly criticised by many as being inadequate. A more aggressive privatisation drive, it is contended, would make for superior economic performance. In popular discourse, China’s privatisation efforts are often compared favourably with India’s. This paper examines China’s record of privatisation to see whether it accords with popular perceptions. The record shows that China has been proceeded cautiously in its privatisation efforts. It has privatised – that is, sold off to private owners- only the smaller SOEs. The state retains control over the larger SOEs that dominate industrial output and profits. In respect of these, China has opted for gradual disinvestment with disinvested shares residing mostly with state-owned entities. Over a long period, China has pushed through reforms of SOEs, including conferment of greater autonomy on enterprises and introduction of incentives for workers and managers. The empirical evidence is that performance at SOEs has improved consequent to these reforms. It could be argued that full-blooded privatisation might have produced even better results. However, given the possible implications in terms of job losses as well as the absence of effective governance mechanisms in China’s underdeveloped capital market. China’s rulers may well have been justified in hastening slowly with privatisation.

Is India’s Federal Debt Sustainable? - Revisiting an Old Debate

That India faces a ‘fiscal crisis’ has been a recurrent refrain of the literature on India’s economic reforms. Indeed a central objective of the reforms process, one that has proved elusive so far, is the reduction in the fiscal deficit of the central government. The supposed intractability of the fiscal problem has provided the motivation for the passage of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act in 2003 that commits the government to targets for the fiscal and revenue deficits. We revisit the proposition that India’s debt problem is unsustainable in light of the recently changed outlook for growth and interest rates. Using a decomposition model, we separate out the effects on the fiscal deficit of growth and government behaviour in the past. We find that if recent government behaviour were to continue, the Indian economy would to achieve a growth rate of 6.5 per cent in the coming years, something that seems eminently achievable. Next, positing a nominal growth rate of 11 per cent (or a real growth rate of 6.1 per cent) in the coming years and making suitable assumptions about revenue buoyancy and other receipts, we empirically estimate the growth in primary expenditure that would be permissible. We find that no deceleration in primary expenditure is required if we assume a revenue buoyancy of 1 or above. We compare our optimistic projections with the sombre estimates of the Kelkar Task Force and find that our estimates differ from KTF’s because the KTF report postulates much higher levels of debt than we do. Clearly, we need a consensus on what India’s debt position today is. Nevertheless, our analysis does suggest that assessments of the sustainability of India’s debt have not adequately factored in the changed outlook for growth and interest rates.

Analysis and Numerical Study of Boundary control of generalized Burgers-Huxley equation

In this work, a boundary control problem for the following generalized Burgers-Huxley (GBH) equation: $$u_t=\nu u_{xx}-\alpha u^{\delta}u_x+\beta u(1-u^{\delta})(u^{\delta}-\gamma),$$ where $\nu,\alpha,\beta>0,$ $1\leq\delta<\infty$, $\gamma\in(0,1)$ subject to Neumann boundary conditions is analyzed. Using the Minty-Browder theorem, standard elliptic partial differential equations theory, the maximum principle and the Crandall-Liggett theorem, we first address the global existence of a unique strong solution to GBH equation. Then, for the boundary control problem, we prove that the controlled GBH equation (that is, the closed loop system) is exponentially stable in the $\mathrm{H}^1$-norm (hence pointwise) when the viscosity $\nu$ is known (non-adaptive control). Moreover, we show that a damped version of GBH equation is globally asymptotically stable (in the $\mathrm{L}^2$-norm), when $\nu$ is unknown (adaptive control). Using the Chebychev collocation method with the backward Euler method as a temporal scheme, numerical findings are reported for both the non-adaptive and adaptive situations, supporting and confirming the analytical results of both the controlled and uncontrolled systems

Boundary control of generalized Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers-Huxley equation: Well-Posedness, Stabilization and Numerical Studies

A boundary control problem for the following generalized Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers-Huxley equation: $$u_t=\nu u_{xx}-\mu u_{xxx}-\alpha u^{\delta}u_x+\beta u(1-u^{\delta})(u^{\delta}-\gamma), \ x\in[0,1], \ t>0,$$ where $\nu,\mu,\alpha,\beta>0,$ $\delta\in[1,\infty)$, $\gamma\in(0,1)$ subject to Neumann boundary conditions is considered in this work. We first establish the well-posedness of the Neumann boundary value problem by an application of monotonicity arguments, the Hartman-Stampacchia theorem, the Minty-Browder theorem, and the Crandall-Liggett theorem. The additional difficulties caused by the third order linear term is successfully handled by proving a proper version of the Minty-Browder theorem. By using suitable feedback boundary controls, we demonstrate $\mathrm{L}^2$- and $\mathrm{H}^1$-stability properties of the closed-loop system for sufficiently large $\nu>0$. The analytical conclusions from this work are supported and validated by numerical investigations

Studies on the salinity tolerance of the venerid clam, Paphia malabarica (Chemnitz)

Salinity tolerance, lethal lower salinity and mortality rates in different salinity treatments of the small (15-20 mm APM) and large (30-35 mm APM) venerid clam, Paphia malabarica were studied. The studies revealed that on sudden exposure from a pre-acclimation salinity of 22 ppt, both the size groups could tolerate a salinity range of 12 ppt to 40 ppt. The lethal lower salinity was determined based on 5Wo mortality. It was seen that larger clams are more tolerant to lower salinities. Between 20 ppt and 30 ppt both the size groups recorded no mortality. Observations on the conditioning time showed the fastest conditioning between 20 ppt and 30 ppt Large clams conditioned faster in lower salinities and vice versa in higher salinities

EVALUATION OF PHARMACOECONOMIC DIRECT COST IN DIABETES PATIENTS

Objective:  Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major cause of disability, morbidity and mortality Worldwide. The objective of this study is to evaluate the Pharmacoeconomic direct health care cost in type II Diabetes with complications and Diabetes alone: A cost of illness study.Methods:  A Prospective observational study was conducted for one year at the Care diabetes Center; Warangal. The enrolled patients were followed and the information collected contains: total direct costs, which include direct medical costs and direct nonmedical cost. The data observed was analyzed for the average cost incurred in treating the diabetic patient.Results:  The total average costs per diabetic patient without complications was Rs. 8695.7±1341,  this includes the average direct medical cost Rs. 6366.50± 561.12, the average lab cost Rs. 1368.84±64.8, the average direct non Medical Cost was Rs. 960.36±14.04 compared to  those with DM complications,the total average cost was Rs. 12960.73±549.96 for macro vascular complications, Rs. 11039.11±265.36 for micro vascular complications. To treat Diabetes with comorbidities which include both micro and macro complications the total average cost was  Rs. 16658.13±1393.44, the average direct medical cost was Rs. 14071.77±2884.68, the average lab cost Rs. 1628.04±51, the average direct non Medical Cost was Rs.958.32±13.08. The costs were found to increase progressively with the increase in the number of complications. Costs also differed significantly across the types of complications.Conclusion: Our study concludes that the cost of Diabetes with complications resulted about 2 times higher than compared to Diabetes alone.Key words:  Cost analysis; diabetes; economics; health care; direct medical cost; non medical cos

PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ANILARI RAS: A HERBO MINERAL COMPOUND

Rasasastra is a branch of Ayurvedic medicine which deals with preparation of the drugs with metals and minerals having higher therapeutic efficacy with quick action in minute dose. Present preparation Anilari Ras is a herbo-mineral formulation used for treating all types of Vata disorders. This drug is a variety of Tamra bhasma (incinerated Copper) preparation processed with Shodit parad (Purified Mercury), Shodit Gandhak (Purified Sulphur), Shodit Tamra (Purified Copper) and Bhavana dravyas (liquids used for trituration) are Nirgundi patra swarasa (Vitex negundo Linn.),  Eranda mula kashaya (Ricinus communis Linn) and Citraka mula kashaya (Plumbago zeylanica Linn). Triturating Rasa drugs with herbal liquids (Bhavana) increases the efficacy of formulation. Puta in the preparation imparts Laghutva (easily assimilating) property, helps in particle reduction and facilitates nano particle formation which enhances rapid action of the medicine. The pharmaceutically developed drug was subjected for certain Analytical tests like Organoleptic, Physico-chemical, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy- Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), with a view to standardize the formulation. The results show major peaks of Meta Cinnabar (HgS), Covellite (CuS) and minor peaks of Sulphur (S8). The Average grain size in SEM at 5K X is 218.4 nm and at 7K X is 210.0 nm

Oldest rocks from Peninsular India : evidence for Hadean to Neoarchean crustal evolution

The evolution of continental crust during Hadean and Archean and related geodynamic processes provide important clues to understand the early Earth history. Here we report evidence for Hadean and Eoarchean crust from the fringe of the Coorg Block, one of the oldest crustal blocks in Peninsular India. We present geological, petrological, and geochemical data, together with zircon U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopes from a suite of metaigneous (granitoids, diorite, charnockite, metavolcanics) and metasedimentary (quartz mica schist, calcareous schist, ferruginous quartzite and BIF) rocks. Petrological and geochemical studies indicate that the igneous suite formed from subductionrelated arc magmatism, and that the sedimentary suite represents an imbricated accretionary package of continental shelf sequence and pelagic components. Mineral thermometry suggests metamorphism under temperatures of 710-730°C and pressures up to 8kbar