Karakter Kuantitatif Kacang Hijau Pada Lingkungan Naungan

Tolerance to shade among mungbean genotypes were assessed based on their environmental stress tolerance indices (ITC). Through an approach of direct and indirect relationships between quantitative characters, quantitative characters that play roles in mungbean tolerance to shade was identified. The trial was conducted at Kendalpayak Experimental Farm, Malang. Treatments were without shading and with a 52% shading using 12 mungbean genotypes representing 9 genotypes tolerant to shading and susceptible genotypes. Under each shaded environment, the treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Observations were carried out on plant morphology (leaf number, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf hairs number, plant height, stem diameter, age of flowering and harvesting, number of pods, pod dry weight, seed weight and seed size) and leaf anatomy (thickness of leaves, epiderm cells, palisade tissue length, and number of leaf stomates). Mungbean genotypes that were tolerant to shading had different plant morphology and leaf anatomy from those of susceptible genotypes. The tolerant mungbean genotypes had larger leaves, less number of leaf hairs, thicker leaves, thinner leaf epidermal cells, longer palisade tissue, more number of stomates, higher contents of chlorophyll a and b, larger diameter of stem, higher pod dry weight, larger seed size, and higher grain yields than those of the susceptible genotypes. Three characters of mungbean plants that need to be taken into account in determining tolerance to shade were the leaf area, number of leaf hairs, and seed weight per plant. Selection of the immatured beans can be done using indirect selection based on the three characters, namely stem diameters at 2 and 4 weeks after planting (WAP), plant height at 4 WAP, and weight of 100 seeds

The Effect Nanocapsule of Turmeric Extracts in Rations on Nutrient Digestibility of Broiler Chickens

Abstract. The use of turmeric is restricted by its low solubility in water, therefore it has low bioavailability. This obstacle can be solved by the development of nanoparticle technology to improve drug delivery profile. This study aimed to develop nanoparticle formulation using turmeric extract and industrial chitosan as the matrix and sodium-tripolyphosphate as cross linker, to study its ability to improve feed digestibility. Method used in the formulation of nanoparticle in this study was by ionic gelation followed by oven drying at 50°C. Method used to evaluate the digestibility  was total collection. One hundred and twenty broiler chickens with an average body weight of 900 g, were randomly divided into 20 treatments (one treatment was fasted and 19 were treated with the ration plus feed additive), and six replicates were performed on each test. Chickens were fasted one day before and after they were treated with rations. Nutrient levels and the amount of feed consumed and excreta released were weighed to calculate the digestibility of the ration. It was found that the basal ration had dry matter digestibility of 70.48% significantly lower compared to the basal ration plus nanocapsule turmeric extract: NP level at 0.4% for in EE and EA were 73.11 and 75.90%. The results of this study concluded that formulation of nanocapsule using turmeric extract and industrial chitosan as the matrix and sodium tripolyphosphate as cross linker was potential to increase nutrient digestibility, therefore, it can be an alternative for feed additive in broiler chicken diet. Key words: Digestibility, nanocapsule, turmeric extract, broiler chicken Abstrak. Penggunaan kunyit/kurkumin terbatas karena kelarutannya yang rendah dalam air sehingga bioavailabilitasnya juga rendah. Masalah ini dapat diatasi dengan teknologi nano yang dikembangkan sebagai alternatif penghantaran obat bagi bahan kimia yang mempunyai bioavailabilitas rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan formulasi nanokapsul menggunakan ekstrak kunyit dan kitosan industri sebagai matrik atau polimer serta sodium tripolifosfat sebagai cross linker, untuk dipelajari kemampuannya dalam meningkatkan kecernaan ransum. Metode yang digunakan dalam formulasi nanokapsul adalah gelasi ionik dilanjutkan pengeringan dengan oven pada suhu 50°C. Sedangkan metode untuk mengevaluasi kecernaan menggunakan total koleksi. Seratus dua puluh ekor ayam broiler dengan bobot badan rata-rata 900 g, dibagi secara acak ke dalam 20 perlakuan (satu perlakuan dipuasakan dan 19 diberi ransum perlakuan dengan penambahan feed additive), masing-masing enam ulangan dan satu ekor untuk tiap ulangan. Ayam dipuasakan sehari pada sebelum dan sesudah ayam diperlakukan dengan ransum, kadar nutrien dan jumlah pakan yang dikonsumsi serta ekskreta yang dikeluarkan ditimbang beratnya untuk menghitung kecernaan ransum. Telah ditemukan bahwa kecernaan bahan kering ransum basal (70,48%) nyata lebih kecil dibanding ransum basal yang ditambah nanokapsul ekstrak kunyit: pada  NP level 0,4% sebesar 73,11% pada EE dan 75,90% pada EA. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa formulasi nanokapsul menggunakan ekstrak kunyit dan kitosan industri sebagai matrik dan sodiumtripolifosfat sebagai cross-linker berpotensi sebagai feed additive alternatif untuk meningkatkan kecernaan nutrien pada ransum ayam broiler. Kata kunci: Kecernaan, nanokapsul, ekstrak kunyit, ayam broile

Fuzzy Classifier Based Ingestive Monitor

The observation of food intake and ingestive behavior remains an open problem that has significant implications in the study and treatment of obesity and eating disorders. A novel method of fusing a sensor and pattern recognition method was developed to detect periods of food intake based on non-invasive monitoring of chewing. A surface-type EMG electrode was used to capture the movement of the lower jaw from volunteers during periods of quiet sitting, and food consumption. These signals were processed to extract the most relevant features, identifying from 4 to 10 features most critical for classifying the type of food consumed. Fuzzy classifiers were trained to create food intake, detection models. The simplicity of the sensor may result in a less intrusive and simpler way to detect food intake. The proposed system is implemented using LabVIEW. The proposed methodology could lead to the development of a wearable sensor system to assess eating behaviors of individuals and also to calculate the quantity of food intake

Karakteristik Agronomis Dan Fisikokimia Umbi Klon Ubikayu Genjah

The research was aimed to characterize agronomic characters and physico-chemical tubers of early maturating cassava clones. Total of 10 cassava clones and five varieties (UJ 3, UJ 5, Adira 1, Adira 4 and Malang 6) were evaluated in two locations, namely at the experiment station of Muneng, Probolinggo and at farmer's land in South Malang. The experiment was planted in April to November 2009, using a completely randomized block design with three replications. Each clone was planted in plots measuring 5 m x 4 m with plant spacing of 100 cm x 80 cm. Fertilization was applied in three stages by using 10 t/ha of manure and 200 kg urea + 100 kg SP36 + 100 kg KCl/ha. Manure was given at the time of land preparation, while urea, SP36, and KCl were given at one month after planting (MAP) (100 kg of urea, 50 kg of KCl, 100 kg of SP36/ha), and three MAP (100 kg of urea and 50 kg of KCl/ha). Observations on the agronomic characters included: plant height, number of fresh leaves, number of node and diameter of stem conducted at 3 WAP until the harvest, at intervals of 1 month. Yield and yield components, and physical-chemical characters of tuber were measured at harvest. Combined analyses of two locations showed that the interaction between clones and locations were significant on all observed agronomic characters. OMM 9076 clone was consistently out yielded at two locations. Based on physicochemical characters, CMM 03001-10, CMM 03094-12, CMM 03009-6, CMM 03097-11, CMM 03013-11, CMM 03094-13, CMM 03018-10, M4-p, OMM 9076 and Adira 1 clones were considered suitable for food. Clone M4p was also suitable for starch or flour industries, and CMM 03013-11 was suitable for ethanol

Kesesuaian Genotipe Kedelai Untuk Tanaman Sela Di Bawah Tegakan Pohon Karet

This research was aimed to identify shade-tolerant soybean genotypes that was suitable for planting under rubber tree plantation. The research was conducted at three locations of rubber tree plantation in Central and East Lampung where the rubber tree were at age of 3 to 4 years, during dry season of 2011. The materials consisted of 30 soybean genotypes, where 23 lines were shadetolerant, and seven were as check varieties (Pangrango, Burangrang, Malabar, Argomulyo, Grobogan, Ijen, and Tanggamus). Each genotype was planted in plot of 4 m x 2.2 m, plant spacing was 40 cm x 15 cm, two plants /hill. The experiment used a randomized block design, repeated four times. Before planting, dolomite of 1.5 t/ha was applied, and 75 kg Urea / ha + 100 SP36 kg/ha + 100 kg KCl /ha was applied at planting time. Observations were done on flowering date, harvesting date, plant height, number of branches, number of reproductive nodes, number of pods, seed weight per plant and grain yield. The light intensity under the rubber tree canopy was observed every week after the soybean age was 30 days (DAP), at 11:00 to 12:00 pm. The levels of shade made by the rubber tree canopy at three locations were different; at Tulangbalak (East Lampung) and Gunungsari (Central Lampung) ranged between 20% to 40%, at Gunungadi (Central Lampung) between 40% to 60%. Genotypes IBM22-861-2-22-3-1 and AI26-1114-8-28-1-2 yielded consistently well in two locations, in East Lampung (1.40 t/ha and 1.43 t/ha), in Central Lampung (1.19 t/ha and 1.18 t/ha). Genotype IBM22-861-2-22-3-1 and AI26-1114-8-28-1-2 produced the highest average yield out of the three locations, i.e 1.13 t/ha. Genotype IBM22-861-2-22-3-1 and AI26-1114-8-28-1-2 were considered as suitable genotypes for planting under the rubber tree of 3 to 4 years of age

Tingkat Adaptasi Beberapa Varietas Kedelai Terhadap Naungan

The aim of this research was to identify adaptability of 7 soybean varieties under five levels of shading. The soybean varieties tested were Tanggamus, Pangrango, Sinabung, Willis, Ijen, Lokon, and Malabar, while the five shading treatments were: no shading (N0), 15%-15% (N1), 30%-15% (N2), 45%-15% (N3), and 60%-15% (N4). The trial in each shading environment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The data collected were growth variables (leaf numbers, plant heights, and stem diameters), number of filled pods, and seed yields. Data of the seed yields were analyzed using the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis method. Results showed that adaptability of soybean varieties to different levels of shading varied. Based on the interaction Ammi-1 biplot graph, variety Ijen was not suitable to be grown under shading environment. Varieties Sinabung and Wilis were more suitable for low level of shading environment (15%); Malabar was more suitable for moderate level of shading (45%), and Lokon was more suitable for planting under shading (60%) condition. Variety Pangrango was considered as adaptive to all levels of shading environments

Respons Tanaman Kedelai terhadap Lingkungan Tumbuh

Tanaman kedelai (Glycine max L.) dapat memberikan respon positif dan negatif terhadap Perubahan lingkungan tumbuh di atas tanah maupun di dalam tanah. Respon tersebut dapat diketahui dari Perubahan Perubahan fenotipik dan fisiologis tanaman. Lingkungan di atas tanah yang berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman kedelai terutama adalah lama dan intensitas penyinaran, suhu udara dan kandungan CO2 di atmosfer. Lama penyinaran yang optimal adalah 10-12 jam. Berkurangnya intensitas cahaya matahari menyebabkan tanaman tumbuh lebih tinggi, ruas antar buku lebih panjang, jumlah daun dan jumlah polong lebih sedikit, dan ukuran biji semakin kecil. Respon kedelai terhadap Perubahan suhu tergantung pada fase pertumbuhan. Suhu yang sesuai pada fase perkecambahan adalah 15-22oC, fase pembungaan 20-25oC, dan pada fase pemasakan 15-22oC. Peningkatan CO2 atmosfer dari 349 µL menjadi 700 µL meningkatkan laju pertukaran karbon (C), menurunkan laju transpirasi, dan meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan air. Kondisi lingkungan di dalam tanah yang berperan terhadap pertumbuhan kedelai terutama adalah tekstur tanah, kadar air tanah dan unsur hara, unsur-unsur toksik, kemasaman tanah, suhu tanah, dan salinitas. Kedelai tumbuh baik pada tanah bertekstur ringan hingga berat, namun tanah yang padat (BI >1,38 kg/m3) tidak sesuai untuk kedelai. Kebutuhan air tanaman kedelai pada fase generatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada fase vegetatif, sehingga pada fase generatif lebih peka terhadap kekeringan terutama pada fase pembungaan hingga pengisian polong. Kandungan air optimal adalah 70-85% dari kapasitas lapangan. Kandungan unsur hara tanah harus di atas batas kekahatan agar tanaman tumbuh optimal. Nilai kritis suatu unsur hara dalam tanah beragam tergantung jenis tanah dan metode analisis yang digunakan. Pengaruh suhu tanah terutama pada fase perkecambahan, dan suhu tanah optimal adalah 24,2-32,8°C. Kedelai agak sensitif terhadap kemasaman tanah, unsur-unsur toksik, dan salinitas. Nilai kritis pH, Al, Mn, dan salinitas berturut-turut adalah pH 5,5, Al-dd 1,33 me/100 g, Mn 3,3 ppm, dan 1,3 dS/m. Rhizobium berperan dalam memasok kebutuhan N tanaman kedelai, namun inokulasi tidak efektif pada tanah yang sering ditanami kedelai

Interaksi Genotipe X Lingkungan Dan Stabilitas Karakter Agronomi Kedelai (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill)

Research aimed to determine effect of genotype x environment interactions (GEI) on agronomic characters and yield stability of soybean genotypes were conducted at eight locations, namely Ngawi, Probolinggo, Banyuwangi, Jember, Malang, Sleman-Yogyakarta, Rembiga and Sesela-West Lombok. Materials used in the study were nine soybean genotypes consisting of six promising lines and three improved cultivars (Malabar, Wilis, and Ringgit). A randomized complete block design was used in each location, repeated four times. Observations were made on flowering days, maturity days, plant height, number of filled pods, seed weight per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield. Results showed that the effect of GEI was significant on all of the observed agronomic characters. Maturity days, filled pods number, seed weight per plant, and seed yield were predominantly influenced by environmental factors, plant height and 100 seed weight were predominantly influenced by genetic factors, whereas flowering days was influenced by GEI. Genotype I/M-824-19 was stable with yield average lower compared to that of all genotypes and Agl/I-1114-8 was stable with yield average higher than the yield average of all genotypes. Wilis and M/IB-895-2 were classified as unstable, but gave yield average higher than the yield average of all genotypes

Pengujian 15 Genotipe Kedelai Pada Kondisi Intensitas Cahaya 50% Dan Penilaian Karakter Tanaman Berdasarkan Fenotipnya

The Examination of 15 Soybean Genotypes at 50% Light Intensity and Evaluation of Crop'sPhenotypic Characters. Sunlight is one of the important plant growth requirements. In orderto understand morphological character changes in the crops due to different light intensity, 15genotypes of soybean consisted of Willis, D3578-3/3072-11, Seulawah, Aochi/W-62, Kaba,IAC 100/Brr-1, MLGG 0081, MLGG 0059, MLGG 0120, 9837/Kawi, D-6-185, IAC 100, MLGG0383-1, Pangrango, MLGG 0069 and MLGG 0122 were tested. The research was conducted inKendalpayak (grey Alluvial soil type, 450 above sea level, C3 climate type), Malang at dryseason in 2006. The research design was Randomize Complete Block under two differentenvironmental conditions, with three replications. The experiment was conducted under fulland 50 %light intensity. The results indicated that the reduction of light intensity as much as50 % resulted in some changes in phenotypic characters such as size and lifespan of the 15genotype being tested, included the increase of plant height, the longer distance betweennodes, the decrease in node number, the smaller size of stem diameter, the decrease on thenumber of leaves, the narrower of the leaf ‘s width and the decrease in pod number. Lessenedseed weight, the low weight of 100 seeds, the lowering level of the leaf's greenness, and theaccelerate age of flowering and harvesting. IAC 100, MLGG 0383-1 and IAC 100/BBR-1 producedhigh under 50% of light intensity