Ueber einige Bedingungen der Ptyalinwirkung.

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Immunolocalization of dually phosphorylated MAPKs in dividing root meristem cells of Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, Lupinus luteus and Lycopersicon esculentum

Key message In plants, phosphorylated MAPKs display constitutive nuclear localization; however, not all studied plant species show co-localization of activated MAPKs to mitotic microtubules. Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is involved not only in the cellular response to biotic and abiotic stress but also in the regulation of cell cycle and plant development. The role of MAPKs in the formation of a mitotic spindle has been widely studied and the MAPK signaling pathway was found to be indispensable for the unperturbed course of cell division. Here we show cellular localization of activated MAPKs (dually phosphorylated at their TXY motifs) in both interphase and mitotic root meristem cells of Lupinus luteus, Pisum sativum, Vicia faba (Fabaceae) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae). Nuclear localization of activated MAPKs has been found in all species. Colocalization of these kinases to mitotic microtubules was most evident in L. esculentum, while only about 50 % of mitotic cells in the root meristems of P. sativum and V. faba displayed activated MAPKs localized to microtubules during mitosis. Unexpectedly, no evident immunofluorescence signals at spindle microtubules and phragmoplast were noted in L. luteus. Considering immunocytochemical analyses and studies on the impact of FR180204 (an inhibitor of animal ERK1/2) on mitotic cells, we hypothesize that MAPKs may not play prominent role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics in all plant species

Inter- and intrachromosomal asynchrony of cell division cycle events in root meristem cells of Allium cepa: possible connection with gradient of cyclin B-like proteins

Alternate treatments of Allium cepa root meristems with hydroxyurea (HU) and caffeine give rise to extremely large and highly elongated cells with atypical images of mitotic divisions, including internuclear asynchrony and an unknown type of interchromosomal asynchrony observed during metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Another type of asynchrony that cannot depend solely on the increased length of cells was observed following long-term incubation of roots with HU. This kind of treatment revealed both cell nuclei entering premature mitosis and, for the first time, an uncommon form of mitotic abnormality manifested in a gradual condensation of chromatin (spanning from interphase to prometaphase). Immunocytochemical study of polykaryotic cells using anti-β tubulin antibodies revealed severe perturbations in the microtubular organization of preprophase bands. Quantitative immunofluorescence measurements of the control cells indicate that the level of cyclin B-like proteins reaches the maximum at the G2 to metaphase transition and then becomes reduced during later stages of mitosis. After long-term incubation with low doses of HU, the amount of cyclin B-like proteins considerably increases, and a significant number of elongated cells show gradients of these proteins spread along successive regions of the perinuclear cytoplasm. It is suggested that there may be a direct link between the effects of HU-mediated deceleration of S- and G2-phases and an enhanced concentration of cyclin B-like proteins. In consequence, the activation of cyclin B-CDK complexes gives rise to an abnormal pattern of premature mitotic chromosome condensation with biphasic nuclear structures having one part of chromatin decondensed, and the other part condensed

IAA and BAP affect protein phosphorylation-dependent processes during sucrose-mediated G1 to S and G2 to M transitions in root meristem cells of Vicia faba

In carbohydrate-starved root meristems of Vicia faba subsp. minor, the expression of two Principal Control Points located at the final stages of the G1 (PCP1) and G2 (PCP2) phases has been found to be correlated with a marked decrease of protein phosphorylation within cell nuclei, nucleoli and cytoplasm. Adopting the same experimental model in our present studies, monoclonal FITC conjugated antibodies that recognize phosphorylated form of threonine (αTPab-FITC) were used to obtain an insight about how the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), benzyl-6-aminopurine (BAP), and the mixture of both phytohormones influence the time-course changes in an overall protein phosphorylation during sucrose-mediated PCP1→S and PCP2→M transitions. Unsuspectedly, neither IAA, BAP, nor the mixture of both phytohormones supplied in combination with sucrose did up-regulate protein phosphorylation. However using the block-and-release method, it was shown that root meristems of Vicia provided with sucrose alone indicated higher levels of αTPab-FITC. Contrarily, phytohormones supplied in combination with sucrose induced apparent decline in phosphorylation of cell proteins, which - when compared with the influence of sucrose alone - became increasingly evident in time. Thus, it seems probable, that a general decline in the amount of αTPab-FITC labeled epitopes may overlay specific phosphorylations and dephosphorylations governed by the main cell cycle kinases and phosphatases

Zastosowanie momentów Radona-Zernike do aplikacji pocztowych

In this paper a new method of a handwritten characters recognition is introduced. The proposed algorithm is applied to classification of post mails on the basis of postal code information. In connection with this work the research was conducted with numeric characters used in real post code of mail pieces. Moreover, the article contains image processing, for instance, filtration of Radon transformation of the character. The main objective of this article is to use the Radon transform parameter space to obtain a set of moment features on basis of which postal code will be recognized.W artykule przedstawiono nowe rozwiązanie zadania rozpoznawania znaków pisanych ręcznie dla zastosowań pocztowych. Zaproponowano algorytm klasyfikacji przesyłek pocztowych działający na podstawie informacji zawartej w zapisie kodu pocztowego. Główny nacisk położono na wykorzystanie transformaty Radona i momentów Zernike do uzyskania zbioru cech, na podstawie, których rozpoznawano kod pocztowy. Otrzymane wyniki eksperymentów pozwoliły wykazać skuteczno ść proponowanej metody

Accumulation of PCDD, PCDF, dl-PCB, ndl-PCB in baltic and freshwater fish

Dioksyny należą do grupy związków toksycznych, niebezpiecznych dla zdrowia ludzi. Głównym źródłem narażenia na polichlorowane dibenzo-p-dioksyny (PCDD), polichlorowane dibenzofurany (PCDF), dioksynopodobne polichlorowane bifenyle (dl-PCB), popularnie zwane dioksynami, oraz niedioksynopodobne polichlorowane bifenyle (ndl-PCB) jest żywność pochodzenia zwierzęcego, w tym ryby. Celem pracy było porównanie bioakumulacji 35 kongenerów wyżej wymienionych grup związków w rybach bałtyckich i rybach słodkowodnych. W latach 2006-2009 przeprowadzono badania zanieczyszczenia ryb bałtyckich i ryb słodkowodnych kongenerami PCDD, PCDF, dl-PCB oraz ndl-PCB. Wykonano analizy 113 próbek ryb bałtyckich (śledź, łosoś i szprot) oraz analizy 40 próbek ryb słodkowodnych hodowlanych (karp i pstrąg). W badaniach zastosowano metodę wysokorozdzielczej chromatografii gazowej sprzężonej z wysokorozdzielczą spektrometrią mas (HRGC-HRMS). Wysoka rozdzielczość spektrometru mas, powyżej 10 000, pozwala na identyfikacje i oznaczenie ilościowe dioksyn i związków pokrewnych na poziomie setnych części pg/g. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że dioksyny, furany i PCB występują w większych stężeniach w rybach bałtyckich niż w rybach słodkowodnych. Poziom dioksyn jest 1,4 razy, furanów 10 razy, dl-PCB ponad 13 razy oraz ndl-PCB 12 razy wyższy w rybach bałtyckich. Dominującymi kongenerami dioksyn w rybach bałtyckich są OCDD, l,2,3,7,8PeCDD, l,2,3,4,6,7,8HpCDD, natomiast OCDD i l,2,3,4,6,7,8HpCDD w rybach slodkowodnych. Dominującymi kongenerami furanów w obu grupach ryb są 2,3,7,8 TCDF, 2,3,4,7,8PeCDF oraz w rybach bałtyckich także OCDF. Spośród dioksynopodobnych PCB w obu grupach przeważają kongenery 105 i 118, zaś spośród niedioksynopodobnych PCB kongenery 138 i 153. Średnie stężenia ndl-PCB w rybach bałtyckich wynoszą około 25 ng/g, natomiast w rybach słodkowodnych około 2,1 ng/g. Po uwzględnieniu współczynników toksyczności (WHO-TEFiwg) zawartość PCDD/F wyrażona w WHO-TEQ w rybach bałtyckich zbliża się często do limitu ostrzegawczego, który dla ryb wynosi 3 pg/g świeżej masy. Znacznie większa akumulacja dioksyn w rybach bałtyckich wynika z ich przebywania w zanieczyszczonym środowisku wodnym.Dioxins are a group of toxic substances hazardous to human health. The food of animal origin, including fish, is the main source of exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB), commonly called dioxin and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-PCB). The aim of the study was to compare bioaccumulation of 29 dioxin congeners and 6 of ndl-PCBs in Baltic sea and freshwater fish. The pollution of Baltic and freshwater fish by PCDD, PCDF, dl-PCB and ndl-PCB was studied throughout years 2006-2009. Analysis of 113 samples of Baltic fish (herring, salmon and sprat) and 40 samples of farmed freshwater fish (carp and trout) were carried out To measure the concentrations, high resolution gaś chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) was utilized. Mass spectrometer with resolution over 10 000 allows for the identification and quantification of dioxins and related compounds at the level of 0.01 pg/g. The study results have showed that dioxins, furans and PCBs are present in higher concentrations in Baltic than in the freshwater fish. Dioxin levels are more than l .4 times higher, furans l O times, dl-PCBs over 13 times and ndl-PCBs 12 times higher in the sea fish. The dominant dioxin congeners in Baltic fish were OCDD, 1,2,3,7,8 PeCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDD, while in freshwater fish OCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8 HpCDD. Furan congeners dominating in both groups were 2,3,7,8 TCDF, 2,3,4,7,8 PeCDF and OCDF in Baltic fish additionally. Among the dioxin-like PCB congeners PCB-105 and PCB-118 were in the highest concentration while among the non-dioxin-like PCBs: PCB-138and 153. Average concentration of ndl-PCBs in Baltic fish was about 25 ng/g while in freshwater fish 2.1 ng/g. Using toxic equivalency factor (WHO-TEF1998), the content of PCDD/F in Baltic fish expressed in WHO-TEQ was approaching the action level, which for fish is 3 pg/g fresh weight. Significantly higher accumulation of dioxinsin Baltic fish was due to their presence in the polluted aquatic environment

Indicators of Clinical Trajectory in Patients With Cancer Who Receive Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Background: Patients with cancer who require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) historically have had low survival to hospital discharge; however, overall CPR outcomes and cancer survival have improved. Identifying patients with cancer who are unlikely to survive CPR could guide and improve end-of-life discussions prior to cardiac arrest. Methods: Demographics, clinical variables, and outcomes including immediate and hospital survival for patients with cancer aged ≥18 years who required in-hospital CPR from 2012 to 2015 were collected. Indicators capturing the overall declining clinical and oncologic trajectory (ie, no further therapeutic options for cancer, recommendation for hospice, or recommendation for do not resuscitate) prior to CPR were determined a priori and manually identified. Results: Of 854 patients with cancer who underwent CPR, the median age was 63 years and 43.6% were female; solid cancers accounted for 60.6% of diagnoses. A recursive partitioning model selected having any indicator of declining trajectory as the most predictive factor in hospital outcome. Of our study group, 249 (29%) patients were found to have at least one indicator identified prior to CPR and only 5 survived to discharge. Patients with an indicator were more likely to die in the hospital and none were alive at 6 months after discharge. These patients were younger (median age, 59 vs 64 years; P≤.001), had a higher incidence of metastatic disease (83.0% vs 62.9%; P&lt;.001), and were more likely to undergo CPR in the ICU (55.8% vs 36.5%; P&lt;.001) compared with those without an indicator. Of patients without an indicator, 145 (25%) were discharged alive and half received some form of cancer intervention after CPR. Conclusions: Providers can use easily identifiable indicators to ascertain which patients with cancer are at risk for death despite CPR and are unlikely to survive to discharge. These findings can guide discussions regarding utility of resuscitation and the lack of further cancer interventions even if CPR is successful.</jats:p