From Lattice Gauge Theories to Hydrogen Atoms

We construct canonical transformations to obtain a complete and most economical realization of the physical Hilbert space ${\cal H}^p$ of pure $SU(2)_{2+1}$ lattice gauge theory in terms of Wigner coupled Hilbert spaces of hydrogen atoms. One hydrogen atom is assigned to every plaquette of the lattice. A complete orthonormal description of the Wilson loop basis in ${\cal H}^p$ is obtained by all possible angular momentum Wigner couplings of hydrogen atom energy eigenstates $\vert n~l~m\rangle$ describing electric fluxes on the loops. The SU(2) gauge invariance implies that the total angular momenta of all hydrogen atoms vanish. The canonical transformations also enable us to rewrite the Kogut-Susskind Hamiltonian in terms of fundamental Wilson loop operators and their conjugate electric fields. The resulting loop Hamiltonian has a global SU(2) invariance and a simple weak coupling ($g^2\rightarrow 0$) continuum limit. The canonical transformations leading to the loop Hamiltonian are valid for any SU(N). The ideas and techniques can also be extended to higher dimension.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. minor typos corrected, minor changes in abstrac

A Medical Analysis for Colorectal Lymphomas using 3D MRI Images and Deep Residual Boltzmann CNN Mechanism

In this technological world the healthcare is very crucial and difficult to spend time for the wellbeing. The lifestyle disease can transform in to the life threating disease and lead to critical stages. Colorectal lymphomas are the 3rd most malignancy death in the entire world. The estimation of the volume of lymphomas is often used by Magnetic Resonance Imaging during medical diagnosis, particularly in advanced stages. The research study can be classified in multiple stages. In the initial stages, an automated method is used to calculated the volume of the colorectal lymphomas using 3D MRI images. The process begins with feature extraction using Iterative Multilinear Component Analysis and Multiscale Phase level set segmentation based on CNN model. Then, a logical frustum model is utilized for 3D simulation of colon lymphoma for rendering the medical data. The next stages is focused on tackling the matter of segmentation and classification of abnormality and normality of lymph nodes. A semi supervised fuzzy logic algorithm for clustering is used for segmentation, whereas bee herd optimization algorithm with scale down for employed to intensify corresponding classifier rate of detection. Finally, classification is performed using Deep residual Boltzmann CNN. Our proposed methodology gives a better results and diagnosis prediction for lymphomas for an accuracy 97.7%, sensitivity 95.7% and specify as 95.8% which is superior than the traditional approach

Perception and preferences of teaching and learning methods among second year medical students: a cross sectional survey in a rural tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Imparting a large amount of knowledge within a limited time period in a way it is retained, remembered and effectively interpreted by a medical student is considered to be a challenge which has resulted in crucial changes in the medical educational field, with a shift from didactic teacher centered and subject based teaching to the use of interactive, problem based, student centered learning. Learning styles and approaches of each medical undergraduate vary considerably and their learning needs also differ individually. The objective of the study was to assess the perception of 2nd year medical students towards teaching and learning methods, to know their preferences among 3 commonly used audio visual teaching methods chalk and board (CB), power point teaching (PPT) and over-head projector (OHP), to explore the most influencing qualities of a teacher perceived by these medical undergraduates.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive questionnaire-based study was conducted among 2nd year medical students of AIMS, B. G. Nagar, Karnataka, India. A pre-designed, pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data.Results: Total respondents were 184. Among them 116 were females (63.04%) and 68 were males (36.95%). All were within the age group of 19-21 years. Chalk and board (64%) was the most preferred teaching method. 76.63% students felt that chalk board facilitates interaction between students and teacher, 69.56% perceived that diagrams can be easily copied, 67.39% opined that clinical problems can be solved better. However to demonstrate the clinical conditions (70.65%) and covering more subject per lecture (59.23%)  students preferred ppt teaching. The preferred learning method in our study was small group discussion (29%) followed by tutorials (27%), self-study (23%) and lectures (16%). Approachability (54.89%) of a teacher towards students, good teaching skills (50.54%) and knowledge towards the subject (45.65%) are the most influencing qualities of a teacher perceived by these medical undergraduates.Conclusions: Chalk and board teaching remains the best preferred teaching aid which can be supplemented with PPT and OHP to improve medical teaching. Small group discussion is the most preferred learning method when compared with tutorial, student’s seminar and lectures indicating that students are more interested in active teaching and learning methods

COMPULSORY LICENSING FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PATENTS: EXAMINING THE CONSISTENCY OF THE LOCAL WORKING REQUIREMENTS UNDER SECTION 84 OF THE INDIAN PATENT ACT WITH THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AS A MODEL FOR GHANA

PhD thesisCompulsory licensing would offer Ghana a practical means to mitigate the high costs and shortages of medicines resulting from the failure of patentees to work their patented medicines locally. Article 5(A) of the Paris Convention as incorporated into Article 2 of TRIPS is consistent with Section 84 of the Indian Patents Act allows for the granting of compulsory licences to remedy failure to work. Where national laws permit, Article 31 of TRIPS allows the use of compulsory licences on any grounds subject to certain conditions. Although, the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health confirmed this position, there are contradictory opinions that the non-discrimination principle under Article 27(1) of TRIPS prohibits the granting of compulsory licences for failure to work. To the extent that Article 2 of TRIPS incorporates Article 5(A) of the Paris Convention provision, which is consistent with Section 84, the question that arises is whether Section 84 is consistent with TRIPS. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to draw on applicable sources of law in an attempt to examine the consistency of Section 84 with TRIPS. This work is based on the hypothesis that Section 84, which allows the granting of a compulsory licence provided that the patented invention has not been worked in the territory of India, is consistent with TRIPS and would therefore provide a suitable model for Ghana. This argument is enhanced by the fact that in 2012 India invoked Section 84 in granting a compulsory licence to Natco and to date the consistency of this decision with TRIPS remains unchallenged within the World Trade Organisation Dispute Settlement system. The overriding implication is that if India got away with this decision, then it is probable that Ghana could implement a model similar to Section 84 to obtain affordable medicines without any legal challenge

Magnetic Monopoles, Gauge Invariant Dynamical Variables and Georgi Glashow Model

We investigate Georgi-Glashow model in terms of a set of explicitly SO(3) gauge invariant dynamical variables. In the new description a novel compact abelian gauge invariance emerges naturally. As a consequence magnetic monopoles occur as point like "defects" in space time. Their non-perturbative contribution to the partition function is explicitly included. This procedure corresponds to dynamical "abelian projection" without gauge fixing. In the Higgs phase the above abelian invariance is to be identified with electromagnetism. We also study the effect of $\theta$ term in the above abelian theory.Comment: 9 pages, Late