9 research outputs found

    A 6G White Paper on Connectivity for Remote Areas

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    In many places all over the world rural and remote areas lack proper connectivity that has led to increasing digital divide. These areas might have low population density, low incomes, etc., making them less attractive places to invest and operate connectivity networks. 6G could be the first mobile radio generation truly aiming to close the digital divide. However, in order to do so, special requirements and challenges have to be considered since the beginning of the design process. The aim of this white paper is to discuss requirements and challenges and point out related, identified research topics that have to be solved in 6G. This white paper first provides a generic discussion, shows some facts and discusses targets set in international bodies related to rural and remote connectivity and digital divide. Then the paper digs into technical details, i.e., into a solutions space. Each technical section ends with a discussion and then highlights identified 6G challenges and research ideas as a list.Comment: A 6G white paper, 17 page

    Highly Electro-Conductive Thiophene and N-methylpyrrole functionalized hyperbranched polypropylenimine tetramine-co-poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) donor materials for organic solar cells

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    Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) chains were grown on the surface of thiophene functionalized polypropylenimine tetramine (PPI-TH) and N-methylpyrrole functionalized polypropylenimine tetramine (PPI-PY) using chemical oxidation polymerization. After growing the P3HT chains on the surface of PPI-TH and PPI-PY, the properties of the resulting co-polymers were compared with those of linear P3HT as a reference. P3HT, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)-co-thiophene functionalized polypropylenimine tetramine (P3HT-T), and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)-co-N-methylpyrrole functionalized polypropylenimine tetramine (P3HT-P) were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscope (SEM), photoluminescence and electrochemical methods. P3HT-T and P3HT-P showed new imine bands on FTIR spectra, change in morphology and optical bandgaps, Stokes shifts, decrease in LUMO energy gap values, and increase in conductivity compared to P3HT. In addition, organic solar cells (OSCs) based on P3HT, P3HT-T, and P3HT-P as donor materials are discussed in this work. In comparison with P3HT-based OSC, the P3HT-T and P3HT-P based OSCs have improved performance due to an increase in VOC and FF. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel plots confirmed a reduction in charge recombination and an increase in charge transport for P3HT-T and P3HT-P devices

    Digital Colonialism: South Africa’s Education Transformation in the Shadow of Silicon Valley

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