”Flanderin pyhän kreivin Kaarle I:n murha, petos ja teurastus”:Galbert Bruggelaisen kuvaukset Kaarlesta, Erembaldeista ja uskonnosta

Tiivistelmä. Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan Flanderin kreivin Kaarle I:n, Erembald-klaanin ja uskonnon kuvauksia Galbert Bruggelaisen kirjoittamassa keskiaikaisessa kronikassa: ”De multro, traditione et occisione gloriosi Karoli comitis Flandriarum”.Abstract. This study analyzes the descriptions of Count Charles I of Flanders, the Erembald clan, and religion in medieval chronicle: “De multro, traditione et occisione gloriosi Karoli comitis Flandriarum” which is written by Galbert of Bruges

Age-Related Changes in the Epithelial and Stromal Compartments of the Mammary Gland in Normocalcemic Mice Lacking the Vitamin D3 Receptor

The vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) serves as a negative growth regulator during mammary gland development via suppression of branching morphogenesis during puberty and modulation of differentiation and apoptosis during pregnancy, lactation and involution. To assess the role of the VDR in the aging mammary gland, we utilized 12, 14, and 16 month old VDR knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice for assessment of integrity of the epithelial and stromal compartments, steroid hormone levels and signaling pathways. Our data indicate that VDR ablation is associated with ductal ectasia of the primary mammary ducts, loss of secondary and tertiary ductal branches and atrophy of the mammary fat pad. In association with loss of the white adipose tissue compartment, smooth muscle actin staining is increased in glands from VDR KO mice, suggesting a change in the stromal microenviroment. Activation of caspase-3 and increased Bax expression in mammary tissue of VDR KO mice suggests that enhanced apoptosis may contribute to loss of ductal branching. These morphological changes in the glands of VDR KO mice are associated with ovarian failure and reduced serum 17β-estradiol. VDR KO mice also exhibit progressive loss of adipose tissue stores, hypoleptinemia and increased metabolic rate with age. These developmental studies indicate that, under normocalcemic conditions, loss of VDR signaling is associated with age-related estrogen deficiency, disruption of epithelial ductal branching, abnormal energy expenditure and atrophy of the mammary adipose compartment

The Effects of Vitamin D Receptor Silencing on the Expression of LVSCC-A1C and LVSCC-A1D and the Release of NGF in Cortical Neurons

Recent studies have suggested that vitamin D can act on cells in the nervous system. Associations between polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR), age-dependent cognitive decline, and insufficient serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D(3) levels in Alzheimer's patients and elderly people with cognitive decline have been reported. We have previously shown that amyloid β (Aβ) treatment eliminates VDR protein in cortical neurons. These results suggest a potential role for vitamin D and vitamin D-mediated mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neurodegeneration. Vitamin D has been shown to down-regulate the L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels, LVSCC-A1C and LVSCC-A1D, and up-regulate nerve growth factor (NGF). However, expression of these proteins when VDR is repressed is unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate LVSCC-A1C, LVSCC-A1D expression levels and NGF release in VDR-silenced primary cortical neurons prepared from Sprague-Dawley rat embryos.qRT-PCR and western blots were performed to determine VDR, LVSCC-A1C and -A1D expression levels. NGF and cytotoxicity levels were determined by ELISA. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL. Our findings illustrate that LVSCC-A1C mRNA and protein levels increased rapidly in cortical neurons when VDR is down-regulated, whereas, LVSCC-A1D mRNA and protein levels did not change and NGF release decreased in response to VDR down-regulation. Although vitamin D regulates LVSCC-A1C through VDR, it may not regulate LVSCC-A1D through VDR.Our results indicate that suppression of VDR disrupts LVSCC-A1C and NGF production. In addition, when VDR is suppressed, neurons could be vulnerable to aging and neurodegeneration, and when combined with Aβ toxicity, it is possible to explain some of the events that occur during neurodegeneration

Eri-ikäisten urheilijoiden syömishäiriökäyttäytyminen lajityypeittäin:kirjallisuuskatsaus

Abstract Eating disorders are serious health disorders with life-threatening complications. Athletes are at increased risk of disordered eating because many sports emphasize appearance, body shape and maximal performance. Eating disorders are preceded by symptoms of disordered eating such as unhealthy ways of losing weight and binge eating. The objective of this study was to produce updated information on the types and prevalence of disordered eating in elite athletes across different sports. Forty-one original research articles were screened from 828 articles. Both cross sectional and follow-up studies were included in this review. These included 7 580 athletes (2 619 men or adolescent boys and 4 330 women or adolescent girls). The majority (n=6 245) of the athletes were younger than 20 years and 1335 were adults. Every fifth (1 218/6 245) adolescent athlete was suffering from disordered eating and every fourth (279/1 294) of the adult athletes had symptoms of disordered eating. There was no difference between the genders in the prevalence of symptoms. The most common symptom among female athletes was binge eating (n=664/24.4%). Among adolescent male athletes the most common symptom was excessive exercise to lose weight (n=732/51.6%). Girls and women also used dieting and fasting to lose weight very often (n=298/22.4%). Disordered eating varied depending on the type of sport. Men and adolescent boys had disordered eating most frequently in weight-class sports (n=111/48.7%) whereas women and adolescent girls in technical sports (n=153/41.8%). In ball games prevalence of disordered eating was low both in men and adolescent boys (5.4%) and in women and adolescent girls (15.8%). According to our results, disordered eating is common not only in female athletes and athletes participating in aesthetic sports but it occurs in all types of sports among both genders. The results of this study can be utilized in preventing eating disorders among athletes.Tiivistelmä Syömishäiriöt ovat vakavia sairauksia, joilla voi olla henkeä uhkaavia fyysisiä ja psyykkisiä vaikutuksia. Urheilijoilla on todettu olevan suurempi riski sairastua syömishäiriöihin kuin muulla väestöllä. Kliinistä syömishäiriötä edeltää usein syömishäiriöoireilu, kuten epäterveelliset painonhallintatavat tai ahmiminen. Tämän kirjallisuuskatsauksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa eri-ikäisten urheilijoiden syömishäiriöoireiden tyypeistä ja esiintyvyydestä eri urheilulajeissa. Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin yhteensä 828 artikkelia, joista katsaukseen hyväksyttiin 41 alkuperäistä seuranta- tai poikkileikkaustutkimusta kuvaavaa tutkimusartikkelia. Artikkeleiden kuvaamissa tutkimusaineistoissa oli yhteensä 7 580 urheilijaa, joista miehiä ja poikia oli 2619 ja tyttöjä ja naisia 4 330. Alle 20-vuotiaita oli 6 245 ja aikuisia 1 335. Syömishäiriöoireilua esiintyi joka viidennellä nuorista (1 218/6 245) ja joka neljännellä (279/1 294) aikuisista urheilijoista. Sukupuolten välillä ei ollut suuria eroja syömishäiriöoireiden esiintyvyydessä. Yleisin syömishäiriöoire naisurheilijoilla oli ahmiminen (n = 664, 24,4 %). Urheilijapojilla yleisin syömishäiriöoire oli laihduttaminen ylimääräisen harjoittelun avulla (n = 732, 51,6 %). Urheilijatytöillä ja -naisilla tavallinen syömishäiriöoire oli myös ruokavalion rajoittaminen painonhallintatarkoituksessa (n = 298, 22,4 %). Lajiluokista syömishäiriöoireilua esiintyi eniten pojilla ja miehillä painoluokkalajeissa (n = 111, 48,7 %), tytöillä ja naisilla tekniikkalajeissa (n = 153, 41,8 %). Palloilulajeissa syömishäiriöoireilun esiintyvyys oli vähäistä sekä pojilla ja miehillä (5,4 %) että tytöillä ja naisilla (15,8 %). Tämän katsauksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, ettei syömishäiriöoireilu ole vain esteettisten lajien ja naisurheilijoiden ongelma, vaan sitä esiintyy kaikissa lajityypeissä molemmilla sukupuolilla. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää terveydenhuollossa ja urheiluvalmennuksessa urheilijoiden syömishäiriöiden ennaltaehkäisyssä ja varhaisessa tunnistamisessa