8,494 research outputs found
Constraints on the origin of the ultra-high energy cosmic-rays using cosmic diffuse neutrino flux limits: An analytical approach
Astrophysical neutrinos are expected to be produced in the interactions of
ultra-high energy cosmic-rays with surrounding photons. The fluxes of the
astrophysical neutrinos are highly dependent on the characteristics of the
cosmic-ray sources, such as their cosmological distributions. We study possible
constraints on the properties of cosmic-ray sources in a model-independent way
using experimentally obtained diffuse neutrino flux above 100 PeV. The
semi-analytic formula is derived to estimate the cosmogenic neutrino fluxes as
functions of source evolution parameter and source extension in redshift. The
obtained formula converts the upper-limits on the neutrino fluxes into the
constraints on the cosmic-ray sources. It is found that the recently obtained
upper-limit on the cosmogenic neutrinos by IceCube constrains the scenarios
with strongly evolving ultra-high energy cosmic-ray sources, and the future
limits from an 1 km^3 scale detector are able to further constrain the
ultra-high energy cosmic-rays sources with evolutions comparable to the cosmic
star formation rate.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures and 1 table. Accepted by Phys. Rev.
Applications of the calculus of variations to aircraft performance
Variational calculus used to describe optimum aircraft flight trajectorie
Theory of Orbital Ordering, Fluctuation and Resonant X-ray Scattering in Manganites
A theory of resonant x-ray scattering in perovskite manganites is developed
by applying the group theory to the correlation functions of the pseudospin
operators for the orbital degree of freedom. It is shown that static and
dynamical informations of the orbital state are directly obtained from the
elastic, diffuse and inelastic scatterings due to the tensor character of the
scattering factor. We propose that the interaction and its anisotropy between
orbitals are directly identified by the intensity contour of the diffuse
scattering in the momentum space.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur
Magnetic Ordering, Orbital Ordering and Resonant X-ray Scattering in Perovskite Titanates
The effective Hamiltonian for perovskite titanates is derived by taking into
account the three-fold degeneracy of orbitals and the strong
electron-electron interactions. The magnetic and orbital ordered phases are
studied in the mean-field approximation applied to the effective Hamiltonian. A
large degeneracy of the orbital states in the ferromagnetic phase is found in
contrast to the case of the doubly degenerate orbitals. Lifting of this
orbital degeneracy due to lattice distortions and spin-orbit coupling is
examined. A general form for the scattering cross section of the resonant x-ray
scattering is derived and is applied to the recent experimental results in
YTiO. The spin wave dispersion relation in the orbital ordered YTiO is
also studied.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
The frequency and validity of self-reported diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease in the UK elderly: MRC CFAS cohort
Background: Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases can be made using established cohort studies but these estimates may have lower reliability if based purely on self-reported diagnosis.Methods: The MRC Cognitive Function & Ageing Study ( MRC CFAS) has collected longitudinal data from a population-based random sample of 13004 individuals over the age of 65 years from 5 centres within the UK. Participants were asked at baseline and after a two-year follow-up whether they had received a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Our aim was to make estimates of the incidence and prevalence of PD using self-reporting, and then investigate the validity of self-reported diagnosis using other data sources where available, namely death certification and neuropathological examination.Results: The self-reported prevalence of Parkinson's disease ( PD) amongst these individuals increases with age from 0.7% (95% CI 0.5 - 0.9) for 65 - 75, 1.4% ( 95% CI 1.0 - 1.7) for 75 - 85, and 1.6% ( 95% CI 1.0 - 2.3) for 85+ age groups respectively. The overall incidence of self reported PD in this cohort was 200/100,000 per year ( 95% CI 144 - 278). Only 40% of the deceased individuals reporting prevalent PD and 35% of those reporting incident PD had diagnoses of PD recorded on their death certificates. Neuropathological examination of individuals reporting PD also showed typical PD changes in only 40%, with the remainder showing basal ganglia pathologies causing parkinsonism rather than true PD pathology.Conclusion: Self-reporting of PD status may be used as a screening tool to identify patients for epidemiological study, but inevitably identifies a heterogeneous group of movement disorders patients. Within this group, age, male sex, a family history of PD and reduced cigarette smoking appear to act as independent risk factors for self-reported PD
Topology Change of Coalescing Black Holes on Eguchi-Hanson Space
We construct multi-black hole solutions in the five-dimensional
Einstein-Maxwell theory with a positive cosmological constant on the
Eguchi-Hanson space, which is an asymptotically locally Euclidean space. The
solutions describe the physical process such that two black holes with the
topology of S^3 coalesce into a single black hole with the topology of the lens
space L(2;1)=S^3/Z_2. We discuss how the area of the single black hole after
the coalescence depends on the topology of the horizon.Comment: 10 pages, Some comments are added. to be published as a letter in
Classical and Quantum Gravit
Thermodynamics of Squashed Kaluza-Klein Black Holes and Black Strings -- A Comparison of Reference Backgrounds --
We investigate thermodynamics constructed on different background reference
spacetimes for squashed Kaluza-Klein (SqKK) black hole and electrically charged
black string in five-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell system. Two spacetimes are
possible to be reference spacetimes giving finite gravitational classical
actions: one is four-dimensional Minkowski times a circle and the other is the
KK monopole. The boundary of the SqKK black hole can not be matched perfectly
to that of the former reference spacetime because of the difference in
topology. However, the resultant classical action coincides with that
calculated by the counterterm subtraction scheme. The boundary of the KK
monopole has the same topology with that of the SqKK black hole and can be
matched to the boundary of the black hole perfectly. The resultant action takes
different value from the result given by using the former reference spacetime.
After a brief review of thermodynamic quantities of the black hole solutions,
we calculate thermodynamic potentials relevant for several thermodynamic
environments. The most stable state is different for each environment: For
example, the KK monopole is the most stable state in isothermal environment
with fixed gravitational tension. On the other hand, when the size of the
extra-dimension is fixed, the Minkowski times a circle is the most stable. It
is shown that these two spacetimes can be reference spacetimes of the
five-dimensional black string.Comment: 28 pages; references added, typo corrected;version accepted for
publication in Class. Quantum Gra
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