Sistema de gestão de conhecimento

O objetivo do Sistema de Gestão de Conhecimento é fornecer ao usuário uma fonte útil onde comandos na linguagem escolhida pelo usuário podem ser consultados. Neste sistema, o usuário pode adicionar mais informações com base em suas próprias experiências. Todas estas informações devem estar disponíveis para todos os usuários do sistema. Os usuários poderão acessar informações sobre a sintaxe dos comandos, exemplos de uso, uma descrição de cada um e os temas a que se referem. Não é necessário efetuar um cadastro para a utilização do sistema. Qualquer pessoa com acesso a internet, que acessar o site poderá consultar e inserir informações. Todas as informações serão validadas por pessoas qualificadas para tal, para que não haja dados incorretos e que impeçam um melhor aproveitamento do sistema. O SGC está sendo projetado com a finalidade de transmitir ao usuário informações nas quais ele possa confiar, já que são devidamente testadas. Para que o Sistema de Gestão de Conhecimento tenha um banco de dados cada vez mais completo, é necessária a ajuda de usuários, pois as informações serão adicionadas por eles

Protection from pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury by adenosine A2A receptor activation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury leads to significant morbidity and mortality which remains a major obstacle after lung transplantation. However, the role of various subset(s) of lung cell populations in the pathogenesis of lung IR injury and the mechanisms of cellular protection remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adenosine A_2Areceptor (A_2AAR) activation on resident lung cells after IR injury using an isolated, buffer-perfused murine lung model.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To assess the protective effects of A_2AAR activation, three groups of C57BL/6J mice were studied: a sham group (perfused for 2 hr with no ischemia), an IR group (1 hr ischemia + 1 hr reperfusion) and an IR+ATL313 group where ATL313, a specific A_2AAR agonist, was included in the reperfusion buffer after ischemia. Lung injury parameters and pulmonary function studies were also performed after IR injury in A_2AAR knockout mice, with or without ATL313 pretreatment. Lung function was assessed using a buffer-perfused isolated lung system. Lung injury was measured by assessing lung edema, vascular permeability, cytokine/chemokine activation and myeloperoxidase levels in the bronchoalveolar fluid.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After IR, lungs from C57BL/6J wild-type mice displayed significant dysfunction (increased airway resistance, pulmonary artery pressure and decreased pulmonary compliance) and significant injury (increased vascular permeability and edema). Lung injury and dysfunction after IR were significantly attenuated by ATL313 treatment. Significant induction of TNF-α, KC (CXCL1), MIP-2 (CXCL2) and RANTES (CCL5) occurred after IR which was also attenuated by ATL313 treatment. Lungs from A_2AAR knockout mice also displayed significant dysfunction, injury and cytokine/chemokine production after IR, but ATL313 had no effect in these mice.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Specific activation of A_2AARs provides potent protection against lung IR injury via attenuation of inflammation. This protection occurs in the absence of circulating blood thereby indicating a protective role of A_2AAR activation on resident lung cells such as alveolar macrophages. Specific A_2AAR activation may be a promising therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of pulmonary graft dysfunction in transplant patients.</p

Chromosome evolution in Cophomantini (Amphibia, Anura, Hylinae)

The hylid tribe Cophomantini is a diverse clade of Neotropical treefrogs composed of the genera Aplastodiscus, Boana, Bokermannohyla, Hyloscirtus, and Myersiohyla. The phylogenetic relationships of Cophomantini have been comprehensively reviewed in the literature, providing a suitable framework for the study of chromosome evolution. Employing different banding techniques, we studied the chromosomes of 25 species of Boana and 3 of Hyloscirtus; thus providing, for the first time, data for Hyloscirtus and for 15 species of Boana. Most species showed karyotypes with 2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes; some species of the B. albopunctata group have 2n = 2x = 22, and H. alytolylax has 2n = 2x = 20. Karyotypes are all bi-armed in most species presented, with the exception of H. larinopygion (FN = 46) and H. alytolylax (FN = 38), with karyotypes that have a single pair of small telocentric chromosomes. In most species of Boana, NORs are observed in a single pair of chromosomes, mostly in the small chromosomes, although in some species of the B. albopunctata, B. pulchella, and B. semilineata groups, this marker occurs on the larger pairs 8, 1, and 7, respectively. In Hyloscirtus, NOR position differs in the three studied species: H. alytolylax (4p), H. palmeri (4q), and H. larinopygion (1p). Heterochromatin is a variable marker that could provide valuable evidence, but it would be necesserary to understand the molecular composition of the C-bands that are observed in different species in order to test its putative homology. In H. alytolylax, a centromeric DAPI+ band was observed on one homologue of chromosome pair 2. The band was present in males but absent in females, providing evidence for an XX/XY sex determining system in this species. We review and discuss the importance of the different chromosome markers (NOR position, C-bands, and DAPI/CMA3 patterns) for their impact on the taxonomy and karyotype evolution in Cophomantini

Influence of Extraction Parameters on Hydroalcohol Extracts of the Stem Bark of Rapanea ferruginea Mez Using Myrsinoic Acid B as Marker

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of extraction parameters on standardization of hydroalcoholic extract of Rapanea ferruginea Mez.Methods: A 33 factorial design was used to evaluate the influence of alcohol concentration (50, 70 and 90 % v/v), extraction time (2, 6 and 10 h), and particle size of the herbal drug (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mm) on the pH, dry residue and myrsinoic acid B (MAB) content of hydroalcoholic extracts by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.Results: For the extracts, there was inverse correlation between dry residue and MAB content (p &lt; 0.8046). The parameter that had the greatest influence on extraction process was alcohol concentration (p &lt; 0.007) followed by particle size (p &lt; 0.046). However, extraction time did not influence the process in terms of MAB (p &lt; 0.675). Although, the highest MAB content was obtained with 70 % v/v alcohol and extraction time of 6 h, the best methodology for extractive preparation was the use of 90 % v/v alcohol and extraction time of 2 h because it resulted in a higher yield of MAB per solution volume, i.e,, with regard to MAB content and mass yield.Conclusion: The results indicate that 90 % v/v alcohol and extraction time of 2 h have optimum influence on extraction process and were the best conditions for obtaining a standardized extract of R. ferruginea, using the method employed in this study. Thus, the findings of this study are a contribution to the development of a new phytopharmaceutical intermediate product.Keywords: Rapanea ferruginea, Hydroalcoholic extract, Myrsinoic acid B, Phytopharmaceutical, Factorial desing, Standardizatio