Prinsip Nirlaba Dalam Pengelolaan Yayasan Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara

Abstrak Yayasan merupakan badan hukum yang terdiri atas kekayaan yang dipisahkan untuk mencapai maksud dan tujuan tertentu di bidang sosial, keagamaan dan kemanusian. Sebagai lembaga yang terdiri atas harta kekayaan yang dipisahkan, yayasan dapat melakukan kegiatan usaha untuk menunjang pencapaian maksud dan tujuannya dengan cara mendirikan badan usaha. Dalam menjalankan kegiatan usahanya, yayasan termasuk itu yayasan rumah sakit harus tetap berpedoman pada asas nirlaba. Artinya baik itu yayasan pendidikan maupun yayasan rumah sakit tidak boleh melenceng dari tujuannya. Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara misalnya, sebagai yayasan bergerak dalam bidang sosial, harus tetap menerapkan prinsip nirlaba tersebut. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa mengenai pengaturan hukum apa saja yang mengatur tentang prinsip nirlaba dalam yayasan rumah sakit. Selanjutnya untuk menganalisa bagaimana sebenamya penerapan prinsip nirlaba tersebut dalam Ya-yasan Rumali Sakii iviuhammadiyah Sumatera Utara dan untuk menganalisa apa akibat hukum yang ditimbulkan jika yayasan rumah sakit tidak menerapkan prinsip nirlaba tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif berdasarkan pada kepustakaan dengan cara meneliti undang-undang, peraturan pemerintah, buku­buku, artikel, jurnal dan bahan tertulis lainnya. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menghasilkan data deskriptif analitis yang menjelaskan dan menggambarkan mengenai prinsip nirlaba dalam pengelolaan Yayasan Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengaturan prinsip nirlaba dalam badan hukum yayasan rumah sakit terdapat pada Pasal 1 UU Nomor 16 Tahun 2001 sebagaimana diubah dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2004 tentang Yayasan. Selain itu juga terdapat dalam didalam Pasal 6 Ayat (1) Huruf B Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2009 tentang Rumah Sakit, Pasal 2 Ayat (1) huruf E Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 2018 tentang Kewajiban Rumah Sakit dan Pasien. Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumut telah menjalankan prinsip nirlaba dengan memberikan perawatan dan pengobatan gratis, ambulans gratis untuk masyarakat tidak mampu, sunat massal gratis serta pengiriman tenaga medis pada waktu-waktu tertentu. Akibat hukum jika yayasan rumah sakit tidak menjalankan prinsip ini, secara rinci tidak diatur dalam Undang­Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2004 tentang Yayasan. Akan tetapi, di dalam undang­undang tersebut dikatakan, jika yayasan melenceng dari anggaran dasarnya, maka yayasan tersebut bisa dikatakan melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum. Kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik dalam penelitian ini bahwa pengaturan prinsip nirlaba telah diatur secara jelas. Hanya saja pelaksanaannya di Yayasan Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumut masih hanya sekadar saja. Perlu pengaturan lebih rinci mengenai pelaksanaan prinsip ini. Kata Kunci: Prinsip Nirlaba, Yayasan, Rumah Sakit    Abstract A foundation is a legal entity consisting of separated property to achieve a certain objective and goal in social, religious and humanity fields. As an institution with separated property, a foundation can carry out any business activity to achieve their goal such as establishing a business entity. In running its business, a foundation, including a hospital foundation, has to be operated based on the principle of nonprofits; meaning that neither an educational foundation nor hospital foundation may divert from their goul. Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, for an instance, as a foundation in social field, has to implement the principle of nonprofits. The objective of the research is to analyze all laws that regulate the principle of nonprofits in a hospital foundation, how this principle has been implemented by Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara Foundation, and the legal consequence in case the foundation does not implement this principle. a normative juridical resea- rch based on library- study which analyzes laws, government regulation, books, articles, journals, and other written materials. The data are analyzed by applying qualitative approach to produce descriptive data analysis which explains and describes the principle of nonprofits in the Management of Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara Foundation. The results of the research demonstrate that the regulations organizing the principle of nonprofits in the legal entity of hospital foundation are stipulated in Article 1 of the Law No.16/2001 as amended in the Law No. 28/2004 on Foundation. In addition, it is also regulated in Article 6 Paragraph (1) Letter B of the Law No. 44/2009 on Hospital, Article 32 Paragraph (1) and (2) of the Law No. 36/2009 on Health, Article 2 Paragraph (1) Letter E of The Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 4/2018 on Obligations of Hospital and Patient which states that every hospital is obliged to provide health facilities and infrastructures to poor people. Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara has implemented the principle of nonprofits on their own way. They provide free treatment and medication, free ambulance for poor people, mass circumcision and medical care team being sent in certain" time. The legal consequence for the foundation which does not implement the principle of nonprofits is not stipulated in details in Law No. 28/2004 concerning Foundation. However, the law states thai, if a foundation diverts from its article of association, it can be stated to have done an unlawful action. It is concluded that the principle of nonprofits regulated by the laws is still in generaL Its implementation is also still general. This principle is only stfficiently implemented by Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara Foundation. A more detailed regulation and more supervision are required to implement this principle by the hospital foundation.Keywords: Principle of Nonprofits, Foundation, Hospita

ING3 promotes prostate cancer growth by activating the androgen receptor

Background The androgen receptor (AR) is a major driver of prostate cancer, and increased AR levels and co-activators of the receptor promote the development of prostate cancer. INhibitor of Growth (ING) proteins target lysine acetyltransferase or lysine deacetylase complexes to the histone H3K4Me3 mark of active transcription, to affect chromatin structure and gene expression. ING3 is a stoichiometric member of the TIP60 lysine acetyltransferase complex implicated in prostate cancer development. Methods Biopsies of 265 patients with prostate cancer were stained for ING3, pan-cytokeratin, and DNA. LNCaP and C4-2 androgen-responsive cells were used for in vitro assays including immunoprecipitation, western blotting, Luciferase reporter assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability and migration assays were performed in prostate cancer cell lines using scrambled siRNA or siRNA targeting ING3. Results We find that ING3 levels and AR activity positively correlate in prostate cancer. ING3 potentiates androgen effects, increasing expression of androgen-regulated genes and androgen response element-driven reporters to promote growth and anchorage-independent growth. Conversely, ING3 knockdown inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and invasion. ING3 activates the AR by serving as a scaffold to increase interaction between TIP60 and the AR in the cytoplasm, enhancing receptor acetylation and translocation to the nucleus. Activation is independent of ING3's ability to target the TIP60 complex to H3K4Me3, identifying a previously unknown chromatin-independent cytoplasmic activity for ING3. In agreement with in vitro observations, analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data (n = 498) and a prostate cancer tissue microarray (n = 256) show that ING3 levels are higher in aggressive prostate cancers, with high levels of ING3 predicting shorter patient survival in a low AR subgroup. Including ING3 levels with currently used indicators such as the Gleason score provides more accurate prognosis in primary prostate cancer. Conclusions In contrast to the majority of previous reports suggesting tumor suppressive functions in other cancers, our observations identify a clear oncogenic role for ING3, which acts as a co-activator of AR in prostate cancer. Data from TCGA and our previous and current tissue microarrays suggest that ING3 levels correlate with AR levels and that in patients with low levels of the receptor, ING3 level could serve as a useful prognostic biomarker

MUC-1 gene is associated with prostate cancer death: a 20-year follow-up of a population-based study in Sweden

Anti-adhesion mucins have proven to play an important part in the biology of several types of cancer. Therefore, we test the hypothesis that altered expression of MUC-1 is associated with prostate cancer progression. We retrieved archival tumour tissue from a population-based cohort of 195 men with localised prostate cancer (T1a-b, Nx, M0) that has been followed for up to 20 years with watchful waiting. Semi-automated, quantitative immunohistochemistry was undertaken to evaluate MUC-1 expression. We modelled prostate cancer-specific death as a function of MUC-1 levels accounting for age, Gleason grade and tumour extent, and calculated age-adjusted and multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HR). Men that had tumours with an MUC-intensity lower or higher than normal tissue had a higher risk of dying in prostate cancer, independent of tumour extent and Gleason score (HR 5.1 and 4.5, respectively). Adjustment for Gleason grade and tumour stage did not alter the results. Men with a Gleason score ⩾7 and MUC-1 deviating from the normal had a 17 (RR=17.1 95% confidence interval=2.3–128) times higher risk to die in prostate cancer compared with men with Gleason score <7 and normal MUC-1 intensity. In summary, our data show that MUC-1 is an independent prognostic marker for prostate cancer death

Advances in genetics: widening our understanding of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in Western men. Our understanding of the genetic alterations associated with disease predisposition, development, progression, and therapy response is rapidly improving, at least in part, owing to the development of next-generation sequencing technologies. Large advances have been made in our understanding of the genetics of prostate cancer through the application of whole-exome sequencing, and this review summarises recent advances in this field and discusses how exome sequencing could be used clinically to promote personalised medicine for prostate cancer patients.</ns4:p

LNCaP Atlas: Gene expression associated with in vivo progression to castration-recurrent prostate cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>There is no cure for castration-recurrent prostate cancer (CRPC) and the mechanisms underlying this stage of the disease are unknown.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We analyzed the transcriptome of human LNCaP prostate cancer cells as they progress to CRPC <it>in vivo </it>using replicate LongSAGE libraries. We refer to these libraries as the LNCaP atlas and compared these gene expression profiles with current suggested models of CRPC.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Three million tags were sequenced using <it>in vivo </it>samples at various stages of hormonal progression to reveal 96 novel genes differentially expressed in CRPC. Thirty-one genes encode proteins that are either secreted or are located at the plasma membrane, 21 genes changed levels of expression in response to androgen, and 8 genes have enriched expression in the prostate. Expression of 26, 6, 12, and 15 genes have previously been linked to prostate cancer, Gleason grade, progression, and metastasis, respectively. Expression profiles of genes in CRPC support a role for the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (<it>CCNH, CUEDC2, FLNA, PSMA7</it>), steroid synthesis and metabolism (<it>DHCR24, DHRS7</it>, <it>ELOVL5, HSD17B4</it>, <it>OPRK1</it>), neuroendocrine (<it>ENO2, MAOA, OPRK1, S100A10, TRPM8</it>), and proliferation (<it>GAS5</it>, <it>GNB2L1</it>, <it>MT-ND3</it>, <it>NKX3-1</it>, <it>PCGEM1</it>, <it>PTGFR</it>, <it>STEAP1</it>, <it>TMEM30A</it>), but neither supported nor discounted a role for cell survival genes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The <it>in vivo </it>gene expression atlas for LNCaP was sequenced and support a role for the androgen receptor in CRPC.</p