Inspirations of biomimetic affinity ligands: a review

Affinity chromatography is a well-known method dependent on molecular recognition and is used to purify biomolecules by mimicking the specific interactions between the biomolecules and their substrates. Enzyme substrates, cofactors, antigens, and inhibitors are generally utilized as bioligands in affinity chromatography. However, their cost, instability, and leakage problems are the main drawbacks of these bioligands. Biomimetic affinity ligands can recognize their target molecules with high selectivity. Their cost-effectiveness and chemical and biological stabilities make these antibody analogs favorable candidates for affinity chromatography applications. Biomimetics applies to nature and aims to develop nanodevices, processes, and nanomaterials. Today, biomimetics provides a design approach to the biomimetic affinity ligands with the aid of computational methods, rational design, and other approaches to meet the requirements of the bioligands and improve the downstream process. This review highlighted the recent trends in designing biomimetic affinity ligands and summarized their binding interactions with the target molecules with computational approaches

Anthropometric breast measurements of young women with no history of pregnancy or surgery in Turkey

Anthropometric measurements of the breast play a guiding role in surgical planning. In our study, it was aimed to determine the normal shape and size of the breast by taking measurements in young women who did not experience pregnancy or surgery and comparing them with the results of other studies. The breast parameters of 88 women aged between 18 to 30 years old, with a normal body mass index, with no history of previous pregnancy, surgery or rapid weight gain were measured. The measured parameters were age, body mass index, cup size, distance between nipple and suprasternal notch, distance between both nipples, distance between midclavicular point and nipple, distance between midclavicular point and upper border of the breast, the distance between the midaxillary line and nipple, the distance between the nipple and inframammarian fold, the projection of the breast, the projection of the nipple and the chest circumference under the breast. The mean values were determined and the correlation between the parameters was evaluated statistically. A significant correlation was found between cup size and all parameters except for the chest circumference and nipple projection. The distance between the midclavicular point and upper border of the breast was found correlated with the cup size. In addition, a significant correlation was found between body mass index and all other parameters. This study revealed the average breast size and measurements of women in Turkey. It can be useful to guide for both reconstructive and aesthetic procedures of the breast

Creating and Mapping of Minimum Data Base Using Factor Analysis: A Case Study; Samsun Province

The main objective of this study is to create minimum data base and mapping using factor analysis. 889 soil samples were collected from Samsun province and 17 physico-chemical properties of them were evaluated. In this study, 0.5 was obtained as the lowest factor value for variables. To increase success of factor analysis, electrical conductivity, lime content, extractable calcium and extractable cupper that was not assigned to any factor as variable were not incorporated in factor analysis. After factor analysis, 5 variables were selected and these variables were called as availability of micro nutrients, texture, sedimentation, organic matter and risk of alkalinity were called. Whereas selected 5 factors explain about 72.36% of total variables belonging to physicochemical properties, availability of micro element factor explain about 20.07% that was found the highest ratio in variables of soil properties. Spatial distribution maps was prepared using kriging methods for factors. It was seen that these maps showed about strong and weak zones of factors for Samsun’ soils