114 research outputs found
A talaj tápanyag ellátottságának és a szimbionta partnerek kompatibilitásának szerepe néhány mezőgazdasági haszonnövény mikorrhiza függésében = Studying the nutrient supply of soil and compatibility of symbiotic partners in mycorrhiza dependency at several agricultural crops
Meghatároztuk a talaj nitrogĂ©n ellátásának, a növĂ©nyek mikorrhiza fĂĽggĂ©sĂ©nek Ă©s az AM gombák gyökĂ©rkolonizáciĂłjának viszonyát, a szimbiĂłzis idĹ‘beni alakulását a nitrogĂ©n Ă©s foszfor ellátás egyĂĽttes hatásátĂłl fĂĽggĹ‘en. MegállapĂtottuk, hogy a szimbiotikus AM gombák apresszĂłriumainak számának alakulása egy fontos indikátora lehet nemcsak a fertĹ‘zĹ‘kĂ©pessĂ©gĂ©nek, a talaj tápanyag ellátottságának, de a szimbiĂłzis hatĂ©konyságára is utal. Az AM gombaoltás hatĂ©konyságát a növĂ©nyfaj, a tesztnövĂ©ny vegetáciĂłs állapota Ă©s nitrogĂ©n ellátottsága egyaránt befolyásolta. A fiatal növĂ©nyek nitrogĂ©n felvĂ©tele Ă©s foszforfelvĂ©tele között negatĂv korreláciĂłt találtunk. A tesztnövĂ©nyekben "optimális" tápanyag ellátottság mellett, amely esetĂĽnkben az 100 mg N kg-1 talaj (300 kg N ha Ă©v-1 ) dĂłzis volt csökken a gombák kolonizáciĂłja. A kolonizáciĂł csökkenĂ©se a gombának juttatott fotoszintetikus asszimilátumok mennyisĂ©gĂ©nek csökkentĂ©sĂ©vel magyarázhatĂł. A nitrogĂ©nnel bĹ‘sĂ©gesen ellátott (150 mg N kg-1 talaj; 450 kg N ha Ă©v-1 ) növĂ©nyek foszforhiányban szenvednek, amely a mikorrhiza gombák kolonizáciĂłjának növelĂ©sĂ©vel enyhĂthetĹ‘. Hazai AM gombafajok "egyspĂłrás" kultĂşrákat hoztunk lĂ©tre. MĂłdszert dolgoztunk ki az oltĂłanyagok minĹ‘sĂtĂ©sĂ©re. Hazai Ă©s kĂĽlföldi eredetű Glomus sp. törzsek között, infektivitási Ă©s effektivitási tulajdonságaik alapján intra- Ă©s interspecifikus funkcionális diverzitást mutattunk ki. A hazai talajokbĂłl izolált törzsek, kĂĽlönös tekintettel egy Glomus mosseae törzs gombái a hazai talajhoz ill. körĂĽlmĂ©nyekhez jobban adaptálĂłdtak Ă©s hatĂ©konyabb növĂ©ny-gomba szimbiĂłzist alakĂtottak ki. | Data were obtained about the relation of soil N supply the mycorrhiza dependency of plants and root colonization of AM fungi furthermore the timing of symbiosis formation. The formation of mycorrhiza is influenced by available P concentration in soil, by the developmental stage of the host and even by the relative amount of N. The number of AM fungal entry points could be an important parameter for evaluation of both infectiveness and effectivenes of AMF. In young plants the P content of shoots showed negative correlation to N uptake. When host are not nutrient limited the AMF were initially C-limited and the colonization decreased. In our experiment the lowest Gl. mosseae colonization was detected at 100 mg N kg-1 (300 kg N ha year-1 ) level. We suggest that at the highest N fertilization (150 mg kg –1; 450 kg N ha year-1 ) the host should become P- or other macronutrient-limited and the AMF colonization was altered to improve the nutrient transport of hyphae from the soil to the plant. The symbiosis between host plant and AM fungi dinamically changes according to the soil nutrient supply and demands of developing plant. Monospore cultures of AM fungi were produced from Hungarian soil and a new methode was developed for quality control of AMF inocula. The inter- and intraspecific functional diversity of Glomus cultures were found in relation to plant response to AMF inoculation. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the indigenous AM fungi species or strains can be more efficient than other ones. These fungi are probably well adapted to the edaphic conditions of domestic soils
Investigation of arbuscular mycorrhizal status and functionality by electrical impedance and capacitance measurement
Applicability of electrical impedance (EI) and electrical capacitance (EC) measurement for the investigation of root colonization of mixed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and functional diversity of separated AMF strains were studied in two pot experiments. In the first experiment, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal maize cultivars were compared for testing the sensitivity of EI and EC measurement in relation to mycorrhizal status of host plants. In the second one, root colonization, biomass production, EI and EC of Rhizophagus intraradices or Funneliformis mosseae, inoculated and non-inoculated cucumber and bean hosts were monitored. The mycorrhizal plants showed lower EI and higher EC than control plants for each species. Since fungal colonization did not produce an increase in root surface area of maize, the higher root-soil interface showed by EI and EC values was undeniably due to the increased absorption surface area caused by the growth of AMF hyphae. As for cucumber and bean, the two selected AMF strains differed significantly in infectivity and effectivity, and the measured values also vary with host plants. Measuring EI and EC proved to be well applicable for in situ investigation of functional aspects of mycorrhizae
Szójafajták gyökérnövekedésének és szárazságtűrésének in situ vizsgálata elektromos kapacitás mérésével
Munkánk során tenyĂ©szedĂ©ny-kĂsĂ©rlettel teszteltĂĽk az elektromos gyökĂ©rkapacitás (EC) mĂ©rĂ©s alkalmazhatĂłságát szĂłjafajták gyökĂ©rnövekedĂ©sĂ©nek Ă©s szárazságtűrĂ©sĂ©nek in situ vizsgálata cĂ©ljábĂłl. A kontroll Ă©s a szárazságstressznek kitett növĂ©nyek EC-jĂ©t rendszeresen mĂ©rtĂĽk, vĂ©gĂĽl biomasszájukat destruktĂv eljárással meghatároztuk.
Az EC mĂ©rĂ©sĂ©vel jĂłl detektálhatĂł volt a fajták eltĂ©rĹ‘ gyökĂ©rnövekedĂ©si dinamikája Ă©s biomassza-produkciĂłja. Az EC — fajtátĂłl Ă©s kortĂłl fĂĽggĹ‘ intenzitással — a virágzás kezdetĂ©ig folyamatosan emelkedett, majd közel állandĂłvá vált. A fajták EC-je Ă©s gyökĂ©rtömege szoros korreláciĂłt mutatott a kontroll (R2=0,844) Ă©s a szárazságkezelt (R2=0,936) növĂ©nyeknĂ©l egyaránt. A vĂzhiány 28,8–50,5%-kal csökkentette az egyes fajták EC-jĂ©t, ami összhangban állt azok hajtástömegeinek 25,5–49,1%-os, Ă©s levĂ©lfelĂĽleteinek (transzspiráciĂłjának) 23,6–51,5%-os csökkenĂ©sĂ©vel, ugyanakkor több fajtánál lĂ©nyegesen meghaladta a gyökĂ©rtömegben mutatkozĂł vesztesĂ©get (12,6–47,3%). Ennek oka, hogy a szárazság hatására nĹ‘tt a gyökĂ©r/hajtás arány (3,9–21,9%-kal), ezĂ©rt csökkent az egysĂ©gnyi gyökĂ©rtömegre esĹ‘ (fajlagos) vĂzfelvĂ©tel, Ăgy a fajlagos EC is. Mindezt alátámasztotta az EC-gyökĂ©rtömeg regressziĂłs egyenes meredeksĂ©gĂ©nek csökkenĂ©se (kontroll: 0,437 nF/g gyökĂ©r; szárazságkezelt: Ă©s 0,317 nF/g gyökĂ©r). MegállapĂthatĂł, hogy az EC a teljes gyökĂ©rrendszer felvĂ©teli aktivitását jelzi, Ăgy — a gyökĂ©rtömeggel szemben — funkcionális mutatĂłja is a gyökĂ©rzet aktuális állapotának.
Eredményeink alapján az EC mérése hatékony módszer a gyökérnövekedési dinamika fajtaspecifikus különbségeinek vizsgálatára, valamint a környezeti hatások okozta biomassza-veszteség becslésére. Az in situ eljárás a hagyományos technikák mellett az agrártudományi kutatások számos területén (pl. fajtaszelekció, stressztűrés-vizsgálatok) haszonnal járhat.
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The study was aimed to test the applicability of root electrical capacitance (EC) measurement for the in situ investigation of the root growth and drought tolerance of soybean cultivars. Control and drought-stressed plants were cultivated in pots with repeated measurements of their root EC, followed terminally by destructive harvest.
Root EC measurements clearly reflected the variability in the root growth characteristics and biomass production of different cultivars. An increase in EC, the intensity of which varied with cultivar and age, was observed until the beginning of flowering, after which it became nearly constant. The final EC was closely correlated with root mass for both control (R2=0.844) and stressed plants (R2=0.936). Drought reduced the EC of the cultivars by 28.8–50.5%, which was consistent with the corresponding changes in shoot mass (25.5–49.1%) and leaf area (23.6–51.5%), but considerably exceeded the loss of root mass (12.6–47.3%) in some cultivars. This could be attributed to the fact that drought increased the root/shoot ratio (by 3.9–21.9%), leading to a decrease in water uptake and thus in EC per unit of root mass. This was confirmed by the significant decrease in the slope of the EC–root mass regression line from 0.437 to 0.317 nF/g root in control and drought-stressed plants, respectively. As EC reflects the uptake activity of the whole root system, it was a better indicator of the actual root status than root mass.
The results suggested that EC measurement was an adequate method for detecting cultivar-specific differences in root growth and for estimating the biomass loss caused by drought. As a supplementation of conventional methods, the new in situ technique could be useful in various fields of agriculture, including cultivar selection and stress tolerance studies
Determination of hydroxyl radicals using coumarin and coumarin-3-carboxylic acid during gamma radiolysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis
Coumarin and 3-carboxycoumarinic acid, two fluorescent probes commonly used for HO• detection has been used during gamma radiolysis and heterogeneous photocatalysis. The O2 dependency and the radiation yield of their hydroxylated flurescent products (7-hydroxycoumarin and 7-hydroxy-3-carboxycoumarinic acid) has been investigated during gamma radiolysis. The radiation yields were found to be 1.2(±0.2) % in O2-free solutions, while it was 2.9 (±0.06) % in the presence of O2, proving the importance of peroxyl radicals in the formation of these products. The results obtained from radiolysis experiments, were employed during heterogeneous photocatalysis performed with commercial TiO2 catalyst. The effect of dissolved O2 was also investigated, as its electron scavanging role during photocatalyis is also important. The formation rate of HO• during photocatalysis was calculated from the formation rate of the fluorescent products, and were found to be 1.8×10-7 mol dm-3 s -1 , while the quantum efficiency for its formation is 0.0038
Estimation of AM fungal colonization — Comparability and reliability of classical methods
The characterization of mycorrhizal status in hosts can be a good indicator of symbiotic associations in inoculation experiments or in ecological research. The most common microscopic-based observation methods, such as (i) the gridline intersect method, (ii) the magnified intersections method and (iii) the five-class system of Trouvelot were tested to find the most simple, easily executable, effective and objective ones and their appropriate parameters for characterization of mycorrhizal status. In a pot experiment, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) host plant was inoculated with 6 (BEG144; syn. Rhizophagus intradices) in pumice substrate to monitor the AMF colonization properties during host growth. Eleven (seven classical and four new) colonization parameters were estimated by three researchers in twelve sampling times during plant growth. Variations among methods, observers, parallels, or individual plants were determined and analysed to select the most appropriate parameters and sampling times for monitoring. The comparability of the parameters of the three methods was also tested. As a result of the experiment classical parameters were selected for hyphal colonization: colonization frequency in the first stage or colonization density in the later period, and arbuscular richness of roots. A new parameter was recommended to determine vesicule and spore content of colonized roots at later stages of symbiosis
ReaktĂv nyersfoszfátok alkalmazhatĂłságának agronĂłmiai Ă©s környezetvĂ©delmi Ă©rtĂ©kelĂ©se = Agronomic and environmental evaluation of reactive rock phosphates use
A savanyĂş talajokon világszerte használt bázikus, ĂĽledĂ©kes, lassan feltárĂłdĂł nyersfoszfátok agronĂłmiai hatĂ©konyságát Ă©s esetleges környezetszennyezĹ‘ hatásait vizsgáltuk laboratĂłriumi modellkĂsĂ©rletekben Ă©s tenyĂ©szedĂ©ny kĂsĂ©rletekben savanyĂş homok Ă©s savanyĂş agyagos vályog talajon, vöröshere Ă©s tavaszi árpa jelzĹ‘növĂ©nyekkel. Igazoltuk, hogy savanyĂş talajokon a nagy fajlagos felĂĽletű, reaktivitásĂş, CaCO3 tartalmĂş nyersfoszfátok agronĂłmiai hatĂ©konysága összemĂ©rhetĹ‘ a hazai gyakorlatban elsĹ‘dlegesen alkalmazott szuperfoszfátĂ©val. Kimutattuk, hogy bár a nyersfoszfáttal potenciálisan toxikus elemeket, pĂ©ldául nehĂ©zfĂ©meket is a talajba juttatunk, a bázikus nyersfoszfát immobilizálĂł hatása, a savanyĂş talaj kĂ©mhatásának a semleges felĂ© törtĂ©nĹ‘ eltolĂłdása miatt ezeknek csak igen kis hányada mobilizálĂłdott, kerĂĽlt a talajoldatba, illetve a növĂ©nybe a vizsgálati idĹ‘szakban. GyökĂ©rvizsgálataink magyarázatul szolgáltak a növĂ©nyek eltĂ©rĹ‘ P trágya reakciĂłira, nehĂ©zfĂ©m felvĂ©telĂ©re. A lassĂşbb P szolgáltatásĂş nyersfoszfátok elĹ‘nyösen befolyásolták a mikorrhizáciĂłt. Az arbuszkuláris mikorrhiza gombák jelenlĂ©te kedvezĹ‘ volt a gazdanövĂ©ny biomassza produkciĂłjára Ă©s P felvĂ©telĂ©re, Ă©s csökkentette a nehĂ©zfĂ©m felvĂ©telt a nem mikorrhizált növĂ©nyhez kĂ©pest. Ă–sszessĂ©gĂ©ben azt a következtetĂ©st vontuk le, hogy a költsĂ©ges, szabad savat is tartalmazĂł szuperfoszfáttal szemben hazai savanyĂş talajokon is Ă©sszerű alternatĂvát jelenthet az olcsĂłbb, agronĂłmiailag hatĂ©kony bázikus nyersfoszfátok alkalmazása. | The agronomic effectiveness and environmental risks of the direct application of various sedimentary basic phosphate rocks (PRs) on acidic clay loam and sandy soils were evaluated with laboratory model experiments and in pot experiments with red clover and spring barley crops. It was shown that the agronomic effectiveness of PRs with high specific surface and solubility, as well as CaCO3 content was similar to that of superphosphate, which is dominantly used for P fertilization in Hungarian agricultural practice. It was proved that though the applied PRs contained relatively high amount of potentially toxic elements, due to the immobilizing effect of the basic PRs, only a small amount of these elements entered the soil solution and became available for the plants in the experimental time frame. The root studies gave explanation on the plant responses to the different P sources, as well as on the heavy metal uptake. PRs with slow P release were advantageous for arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization, which increased the biomass production and P uptake of the host plant and decreased its heavy metal uptake as compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Altogether it was concluded that on Hungarian acidic soils, too, reactive basic phosphate rocks might give an economic alternative to the acidic, expensive superphosphate
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