329 research outputs found

    INSTABILITY OF A NIELSEN-OLESEN VORTEX EMBEDDED IN THE ELECTROWEAK THEORY: II. ELECTROWEAK VORTICES AND GAUGE EQUIVALENCE

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    Vortex configurations in the electroweak gauge theory are investigated. Two gauge-inequivalent solutions of the field equations, the Z and W vortices, have previously been found. They correspond to embeddings of the abelian Nielsen-Olesen vortex solution into a U(1) subgroup of SU(2)xU(1). It is shown here that any electroweak vortex solution can be mapped into a solution of the same energy with a vanishing upper component of the Higgs field. The correspondence is a gauge equivalence for all vortex solutions except those for which the winding numbers of the upper and lower Higgs components add to zero. This class of solutions, which includes the W vortex, instead corresponds to a singular solution in the one-component gauge. The results, combined with numerical investigations, provide an argument against the existence of other vortex solutions in the gauge-Higgs sector of the Standard Model.Comment: 6 pages, plain latex, no figures, submitted to Mod. Phys. Lett. A as "Electroweak Vortices and Gauge Equivalence"

    Small systems and the single-hit approximation in the AMY parton cascade ALPACA

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    Understanding how momentum anisotropies arise in small collision systems is important for a quantitative understanding of collectivity in terms of QCD dynamics in small and large collision systems. In this letter we present results for small collision systems from the newly developed parton cascade ALPACA, which faithfully encodes the AMY effective kinetic theory. ALPACA reproduces quantitatively previously know results from a calculation in the single-hit approximation for small values of the coupling. We discuss in detail how such a comparison is to be carried out. Particularly at larger coupling a generic differences between the two approaches becomes apparent, namely that in parton cascades particles interact over a finite distance while in direct integrations of the Boltzmann equation the interactions are local. This leads to quantitative differences in the extracted values for the elliptic flow coefficient, but also raises questions of a much more fundamental nature that are worth exploring in the future

    Thermalization and isotropization in the AMY parton cascade ALPACA

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    We look at thermalization and isotropization processes in the newly introduced AMY QCD kinetic theory parton cascade ALPACA. For thermalization, we consider the case of overoccupied initial conditions, and study the time evolution of the distribution as it relaxes to thermal equilibrium. We find that the system thermalizes as expected compared to known analytical results. For anisotropic systems, we take a first look at the qualitative behaviour of isotropization for Color Glass Condensate-like initial conditions in a homogeneous box with periodic boundary conditions

    Instability of a Nielsen-Olesen vortex embedded in the electroweak theory; 2, electroweak vortices and gauge equivalence

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    Vortex configurations in the electroweak gauge theory are investigated. Two gauge-inequivalent solutions of the field equations, the Z and W vortices, have previously been found. They correspond to embeddings of the abelian Nielsen-Olesen vortex solution into a U(1) subgroup of SU(2)xU(1). It is shown here that any electroweak vortex solution can be mapped into a solution of the same energy with a vanishing upper component of the Higgs field. The correspondence is a gauge equivalence for all vortex solutions except those for which the winding numbers of the upper and lower Higgs components add to zero. This class of solutions, which includes the W vortex, instead corresponds to a singular solution in the one-component gauge. The results, combined with numerical investigations, provide an argument against the existence of other vortex solutions in the gauge-Higgs sector of the Standard Model

    Priority of economic values can partly explain the lack of environmental considerations during timber harvest

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    Sedan 1994 har den svenska skogsvĂ„rdslagen haft produktion och miljöhĂ€nsyn som jĂ€mstĂ€llda mĂ„l. Skogsindustrin har ett stort ansvar för uppfyllandet av detta genom det sĂ„ kallade sektorsansvaret, vilket innebĂ€r att de bör genomföra fler Ă„tgĂ€rder Ă€n vad lagen krĂ€ver. Skogsstyrelsen har följt upp miljöhĂ€nsynen sedan 1998 och de har funnit att mycket smĂ„ förbĂ€ttringar setts för ”hĂ€nsynskrĂ€vande biotoper” sedan dess. Detta förklaras med att kommunikationen mellan Skogsstyrelsen och skogsbruket har brustit pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt angĂ„ende vad som utgör en hĂ€nsynskrĂ€vande biotop. Att under 24 Ă„r inte komma lĂ€ngre med kommunikationen Ă€r anmĂ€rkningsvĂ€rt, sĂ„ detta arbete ville undersöka i vilken utstrĂ€ckning som bristande miljöhĂ€nsyn har en ekonomisk grund. Detta genomfördes genom att undersöka om det fanns nĂ„gon koppling mellan ekonomiskt vĂ€rde och miljövĂ€rden, om frekvensen underkĂ€nda betyg (noterad negativ pĂ„verkan) varierade beroende pĂ„ ekonomiskt vĂ€rde samt om frekvensen av noterad negativ pĂ„verkan skiljde sig beroende pĂ„ om miljövĂ€rdena var höga eller lĂ„ga. För att undersöka detta anvĂ€ndes data frĂ„n Skogsstyrelsens invertering av slump-mĂ€ssigt inventerade avverkningstrakter (Polytax 0/1). Inventeringen genomförs bĂ„de före och efter avverkning och utvĂ€rderar ekonomiskt och miljömĂ€ssigt vĂ€rde, samt om hĂ€nsynskrĂ€vande biotoper och strukturer pĂ„verkats negativt. Mina resultat visar att ett högt ekonomiskt vĂ€rde var överrepresenterat bland objekt med mycket höga miljövĂ€rden (58% av objekt med mycket höga miljövĂ€rden hade Ă€ven ett högt ekonomiskt rotnetto). Betyget stor negativ pĂ„verkan var dessutom överrepresenterat bland objekt med ett högt ekonomiskt vĂ€rde. Stor negativ pĂ„verkan noterades i 25% av objekten med högt ekonomiskt vĂ€rde, till skillnad frĂ„n 18% av objekten med lĂ„gt ekonomiskt vĂ€rde och i 22% av objekten med obefintligt ekonomiskt vĂ€rde. NĂ€r avverkningar skett dĂ€r man borde tagit miljöhĂ€nsyn var dessutom den avverkade volymen högre i ekonomiskt mer vĂ€rdefulla biotoper. I genomsnitt avverkades 68% av volymen nĂ€r det ekonomiska rotnettot var högt, medan endast 51% avverkats nĂ€r det ekonomiska rotnettot var lĂ„gt. Den lĂ€gsta andelen negativ pĂ„verkan noterades genomgĂ„ende i ”mellankategorierna” (”lĂ„gt ekonomiskt rotnetto” och ”höga miljövĂ€rden”). Min slutsats Ă€r att för att förklara den lĂ„ngsamma förbĂ€ttringen för miljöhĂ€nsyn inom skogsbruket sĂ„ Ă€r det troligtvis motiverat att inkludera en ekonomisk pĂ„verkan i problemanalysen. Med detta i Ă„tanke bör man bredda förbĂ€ttringsarbetet och inte enbart behandla utbildning om identifiering av hĂ€nsynskrĂ€vande biotoper. Att inkludera en ekonomisk problemanalys kan förbĂ€ttra förfaranden och göra arbetet mer effektivt.Since 1994, the Swedish Forestry Act has balanced production goals. The forestry sector is obligated to take great responsibility through the so-called Sector Responsibility, which implies that the sector needs to take a greater responsibility than stipulated by law. The Swedish Forest Agency has since 1998 made inventories to monitor the amount of environmental concern taken by forest owners during final felling. They found that the deviation from the environmental goals were quite large, and since the start very little progress had been made regarding “biotopes demanding special concern”. This has been explained by the difficulty of communicating what these biotopes consists of, and what special concern is. Not agreeing on these defini-tions for 24 years is noteworthy, so this report wanted to investigate if any financial interests might interfere. This was done by exploring possible relations between economic and environmental values, examining if the amount of negative impact differs between biotopes of different economic value, and lastly investigate if negative impact varies depending on environmental value. This was achieved by examining data collected by the Swedish Forest Agency for their Polytax 0/1 inventory, where they examine randomly selected felling areas before and after final felling. The inventory assesses the environmental and economic value for all biotopes before felling, and the amount of negative impact after felling. When these posts were analyzed a strong positive connection was found between economic and environmental value (58% of objects with a high environmental value also had a high economic value). Large negative impact was significantly larger for high economic value (25% of objects with high economic value) when compared to both low (18% of objects with low economic value) and insignificant economic values (22%). The felled volume was also larger in economically more valuable biotopes. In objects with a high economic value the average share of felled volume was 68%, compared to 51% in objects with a low economic value. The smallest amount of negative impact could consistently be noted for the “middle categories” (“low economic value” and “high environmental value”). The conclusion is that when explaining the slow progress for environmental preservation in the forestry sector, including an economic bias in the problem description is probably justified. With awareness of this, instead of solely focusing on increased knowledge of what makes up a biotope demanding special concern, widening the focal point might improve procedures and make efforts more efficient

    Separation med begrÀnsad fysisk kontakt - ett sÀtt att minska stressen och öka vÀlfÀrden för ko och kalv inom mjölkproduktionen?

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    Separation av ko och kalv sker tidigt inom bĂ„de konventionell och ekologisk mjölkproduktion. Enligt KRAV:s tidigare regler skulle ko och kalv gĂ„ tillsammans under rĂ„mjölksperioden, det vill sĂ€ga de första fyra dygnen. Nyligen Ă€ndrades reglerna till endast ett dygn och nĂ€rmar sig i och med det praxis inom konventionell produktion, dĂ€r djuren separeras omgĂ„ende efter födseln. Detta innebĂ€r en stor kontrast mot nötkreaturens naturliga beteende, dĂ€r ko och kalv skiljs Ă„t i samband med kalvens könsmognad eller Ă€nnu senare. Studier har visat att den tidiga separationen inom mjölkproduktionen innebĂ€r en stress och ett potentiellt vĂ€lfĂ€rdsproblem för bĂ„de ko och kalv. Forskning tyder ocksĂ„ pĂ„ att reaktionen Ă€r kraftigare ju lĂ€ngre tid som djuren har gĂ„tt tillsammans innan separationen sker. Samtidigt finns det fördelar med att lĂ„ta ko och kalv gĂ„ tillsammans, bĂ„de vad gĂ€ller hĂ€lsa och vĂ€lfĂ€rd. Denna studie Ă€mnade undersöka huruvida en separationsmetod dĂ€r ko och kalv hade möjlighet till viss fysisk kontakt Ă€ven efter separationen skulle kunna vara ett sĂ€tt att minska stressen och öka vĂ€lfĂ€rden för djuren. Kalvarna gavs ej möjlighet att dia kon efter separationen utan fick mjölk i napphink. Separationen skedde efter att ko och kalv fĂ„tt gĂ„ tillsammans i kalvningsboxen i fyra dygn. Försöket utfördes pĂ„ en privat mjölkgĂ„rd utanför Uppsala som en pilotstudie med n = 8 ko/kalvpar fördelat pĂ„ tvĂ„ olika behandlingsgrupper. Den ena gruppen gavs möjlighet till viss fysisk kontakt mellan ko och kalv efter separationen, den andra gruppen hade enbart hörselkontakt. VĂ€lfĂ€rden analyserades genom etologiska observationer av bland annat vokaliseringar, vandrande, idissling och lekbeteende som genomfördes med start trettio minuter efter separationen och pĂ„gick under sex timmar under separationsdagen och fyra timmar dagen efter. Även hur nĂ€ra kon befann sig kalven noterades, detsamma gĂ€llde social kontakt mellan ko och kalv eller kalv och andra kor. UtifrĂ„n resultaten av studien tycks möjlighet till viss fysisk kontakt efter separationen bidra till ökad vĂ€lfĂ€rd för bĂ„de ko och kalv. Korna som gavs möjlighet till fysisk kontakt med sina kalvar idisslade i större omfattning, vilade mer och vokaliserade mindre. De stod eller lĂ„g ocksĂ„ alerta, spĂ€nda och med huvud högt och öronen riktade i mindre utstrĂ€ckning. Kalvarna som kunde ha fysisk kontakt med sina moderkor lekte betydligt mer Ă€n de kalvar som enbart kunde höra moderkon. Liksom korna stod eller lĂ„g de alerta och uppmĂ€rksamma mer sĂ€llan Ă€n kalvarna som enbart hade hörselkontakt med modern. Studien Ă€r dock gjord i liten skala, och fortsatta studier pĂ„ ett större material vore önskvĂ€rt för att sĂ€kerstĂ€lla resultaten statistiskt.The separation of the dairy cow and calf is done early in both conventional and organic dairy farming. Accordingly to the former standards of the Swedish association of IFOAM; KRAV, cow and calf were to be held together for the first four days after parturition. This has recently been changed to just the first day after birth, which is in proximity to common practice in conventional farming where the cow and calf are separated more or less immediately after birth. This is in contrast with the natural behavior of cattle, where the separation of mother and young take place when the calf reaches sexual maturity or later. It has been shown in previous studies that early separation is a stressful event for the animals, and a potential welfare problem for both cow and calf. It has also been shown that the reaction increases the longer cow and calf are held together. However, there are as well advantages with keeping the calf with the dam, in aspects of both health- and welfare issues. This study seeks to evaluate whether or not a method of separation where the dairy cow and calf are given possibility to limited physical contact after the separation in contrast to being separated with only hearing contact would present less signs of stress and a higher welfare. The calves were not given the possibility to suckle, but were instead fed milk in a bucket. The mother and young were held together for the first four days of the calfs life before they were separated. The study was executed on a commercial organic dairy farm outside of Uppsala in the form of a pilotstudy with n = 8 cow/calf-pairs divided into two groups. Half of the animals were given the possibility to physical contact between cow and calf after separation, whereas the others could only hear each other. The behaviors of the animals such as vocalisation, walking, rumination and play behavior were observered and analysed according to welfare. The observation of the animals began half an hour after the separation and were done during six hours of the first day of separation and four hours during the following day. The distance between cow and calf were noted, as well as social contact between calf and dam, or calf and other cows. The results suggest that a possibility of psysical contact between calf and dam after separation contributes to a better welfare for both cow and calf. The cows that were given this possibility ruminated more, rested more and vocalised less, compared to cows that could merely hear their calf. They were also standing or lying tensed and attentive less than the cows that were only given hearingcontact with their calves. The calves that were given the possibility of physical contact with their dam showed more play behavior than the other group of calves and they also exhibited tensed and attentive postures more seldom. Conclusively, a method such as the one in this study could possibly be a way of increasing the welfare of dairy cows and calves. However, the results can not be calculated for statistical significance due to the size of the material and further studies on a greater amount of animals is desirable
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