Overweight and obesity status from the prenatal period to adolescence and its association with non- alcoholic fatty liver disease in young adults: cohort study

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A dopamine receptor (DRD2) but not dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene polymporphism is associated with neurocognitive development of Mexican preschool children with lead exposure

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of pre- and postnatal lead exposure and polymorphisms in dopamine metabolism genes on neurocognitive development of Mexican children at 24 (n=220) and 48 months (n=186) of age. STUDY DESIGN: We genotyped the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1; SLC6A3) variable nucleotide tandem repeat, and the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) Taq 1A single nucleotide polymorphism. Children were assessed at 24 mo with Bayley Scales of Infant Development (MDI, PDI) and at 48 mo with McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities. RESULTS: Lead concentration (BLL) in umbilical cord was 6.6±3.3 μg/dL (measured in 1995-96), 8.1±4.4 μg/dL at 24, and 8.1±3.6 μg/dL at 48 months. Cord BLL was negatively associated with MDI (p<0.01) and PDI (p<0.1) but not McCarthy scores. The 48- but not 24-month BLL was negatively associated with children’s scores. Children with DRD2 TT genotype (variant) scored higher than those with CC genotype (wild type) on MDI and McCarthy memory scale. Neither polymorphism modified the relationship between BLL (either pre or post-natal) and neurocognitive development. CONCLUSION: Lead exposure was adversely, whereas the DRD2 Taq 1A TT variant was positively associated with neurocognitive measures. We found no evidence of gene-environment interactions on developmental outcomes in early childhood