31 research outputs found
Comparative life cycle assessment of LED lighting products
LED lighting products used in lighting applications and their subsequent environmental impact are growing rapidly. However, there are no in-depth updated studies that show how to assess and compare them for eco-design purposes. This research aims to add insights in this area to inform eco-design by assessing and comparing the environmental impact of a new LED eco-lighting product with an existing LED lighting product. A cradle to grave Life Cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted using ReCiPe Midpoint and Endpoint (H) life cycle impact assessment method with Simapro software. The system boundaries included all product life cycle stages, except the maintenance of the luminaires and the manufacturing of the packaging. A novel functional unit was defined for the assessment, which is more suitable for the LED lighting products. Six scenarios were considered, including three probable useful lives of the luminaires (1,000, 15,000 and 40,000 h) and two end of life options (domestic bin and recycling centre). The LCA results revealed that the new eco-lighting product has about 60% less environmental impact than the existing lighting product in all scenarios. The life cycle stages with the highest environmental impact are: 1) Use, 2) Manufacturing, 3) End of Life and 4) Transport. Based on the results obtained, recommendations for eco-design of LED lighting products were proposed, and challenges of application of LCA for the eco-design were discussed
LCA of an industrial luminaire using product environmental footprint method
This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the industrial Light Emitting Diode (LED) luminaire by using Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) methodology. The assessment is carried out for raw material, assembly, distribution, use and end of life (EoL) stages, and all upstream emissions are considered. The analysis results show that the electricity consumption in use stage is the significant contributor for the overall impacts. Environmental benefits are identified from the EoL scenario analysis due to the adopted WEEE treatments. Electricity mix for the UK and other European countries are modelled for the comparison study that shows the use of renewable resources for electricity generation has lower overall impacts from the PEF view, but the impact towards land use that is caused by using biomass energy source for electricity production is noticeable, which is barely mentioned in the existing LCA studies. This research has made the following original contributions: 1) it is the first study examining the LED luminaire environmental performance by using the PEF methodology; 2) the electricity mix modelling for the European countries in the comparison study reveals the possible trade-off between using renewable/non-renewable resources for the electricity generation, which would be beneficial for further policy development for lighting and energy sectors; 3) the availability demonstration of the current PEF database for luminaires, and the reported analysis results would assist future similar LCA studies
Analyse du cycle de vie de sources lumineuses – Etudes de cas et examen des analyses
Lighting is a major global consumer of electricity and undergoing drastic changes due to legislative and voluntary measures. Widely-used conventional light sources, such as incandescent lamps and high pressure mercury lamps, are banned from the European Union market. The number of light sources on the market is expanding especially regarding the LED lamps and luminaires. These major changes in the lighting sector create a need for evaluating the environmental performance of light sources, especially as the changes are justified by the environmental aspects, such as energy consumption.
The life cycle assessment method is standardized on a general level, but no established rules exist for conducting a life cycle assessment of light sources in detail. In most cases, it is impossible to directly compare the results of different assessments. Because of the major changes in the lighting market, it is useful to assess the environmental impacts of various light sources in similar methods.
The work addresses this problem by presenting two models, a simple and an extensive one, for conducting the life cycle assessment of light sources rapidly and in a transparent, comparative way. The models are developed on the basis of four case studies presented in the work and a review to the life cycle assessment found in the literature. Both models are simplified, and they recommend the key parameters of the life cycle assessment: functional unit, stages of the life cycle, environmental impacts, and energy source in use stage.
Four case studies were conducted in the work: two life cycle assessments of a fluorescent lamp luminaire and an LED downlight luminaire, one life cycle cost analysis of street lighting luminaires, and one analysis combining both life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of non-directional lamps.
The case studies and the review of the previous life cycle assessments concluded similar findings despite the differences in the methods, scopes and evaluated light sources. The main conclusion of the life cycle assessments was the clear dominance of the use stage energy consumption. The environmental impacts of the use were found to be sensitive to the life of the light source and the used energy source. The dominance of the use stage was the clearest in light sources of low luminous efficacy and low manufacturing efforts and when using high-emission energy sources. The manufacturing was usually the second significant cause for average environmental impacts. The importance of the manufacturing is estimated to increase by a more detailed assessment of the manufacturing processes. The average environmental impacts of other life cycle stages, such as transport and end-of-life, were found practically negligible, but possibly notable in a certain environmental impact category.Valaistus on merkittävä globaali sähkönkuluttaja ja sen takia siihen kohdistuu sekä lainsäädännöllisiä että vapaaehtoisia muutospaineita. Euroopan unionin markkinoilta on poistumassa paljon käytettyjä perinteisiä valonlähteitä, kuten hehkulamppu ja suurpaine-elohopealamppu. Markkinoille on tullut ja on tulossa paljon uusia tuotteita, erityisesti LED-lamppuja ja -valaisimia. Nämä muutokset ovat luoneet tarpeen arvioida valonlähteiden ympäristövaikutuksia, erityisesti koska muutoksia usein perustellaan ympäristöseikoin.
Elinkaariarviointi on standardisoitu yleisellä tasolla mutta yksityiskohtaisia ohjeita nimenomaan valonlähteiden elinkaariarvioinnille ei ole. Sen vuoksi on yleensä mahdotonta verrata arviointien tuloksia. Koska tuotekirjo kasvaa ja muuttuu, on tarpeellista arvioida eri valonlähteiden ympäristövaikutuksia samoin menetelmin.
Väitöskirjassa kehitetään kaksi mallia valonlähteiden elinkaariarviointimenetelmälle. Nämä kaksi mallia, yksinkertainen ja laaja, yksinkertaistavat elinkaariarviointia, jotta se nopeutuisi ja olisi läpinäkyvä. Mallit kehitettiin neljän väitöskirjatyössä tehdyn arvioinnin ja jo olemassa olleiden, kirjallisuudesta löytyneiden elinkaariarviointien pohjalta. Mallit esittävät suositukset valonlähteiden elinkaariarvioinnin merkittävimmille määreille: toiminnalliselle yksikölle, huomioitaville elinkaaren vaiheille, ympäristövaikutuksille ja käytönaikaisen energian mallintamiselle.
Väitöskirja esittelee neljä osatutkimusta: kaksi elinkaariarviointia LED-syväsäteilyvalaisimelle ja loistelamppuvalaisimelle, yksi elinkaarikustannusanalyysi katuvalaisimille ja yksi yksinkertaistettu elinkaariarvioinnin ja elinkaarikustannusanalyysin yhdistävä tutkimus ympärisäteileville lampuille.
Osatutkimusten ja kirjallisuuden elinkaariarviointien tarkastelun johtopäätökset ovat samansuuntaisia menetelmien, soveltamisalan ja tarkasteltujen valonlähteiden eroavaisuuksista huolimatta. Käytönaikaisen energiankulutuksen todetaan olevan määräävä tekijä valonlähteiden ympäristövaikutuksissa. Väitöskirjassa havaitaan käytönaikaisten ympäristövaikutusten riippuvan valonlähteen polttoiästä ja käytetystä energiamuodosta. Käyttövaiheen havaitaan olevan merkittävä erityisesti heikon valotehokkuuden valonlähteillä, joiden valmistusvaihe on yksinkertainen. Käyttövaiheen merkittävyyteen vaikuttaa käytönaikainen energialähde. Valmistusvaihe todettiin tyypillisesti toiseksi merkittävimmäksi elinkaaren vaiheeksi. Valmistuksen merkitys kasvaa valmistusprosessien ja materiaalien yksityiskohtaisemmalla tarkastelulla. Muiden elinkaaren vaiheiden, kuten kuljetuksen ja käytöstä poiston, keskimääräiset ympäristövaikutukset ovat käytännössä merkityksettömiä, mutta yksittäisissä ympäristövaikutusluokissa jopa merkittäviä.Le domaine de l’éclairage, gros consommateur mondial d'électricité, connaît actuellement des changements de part des mesures législatives et volontaires. Les sources lumineuses conventionnelles, comme les lampes à incandescence et à mercure haute pression, sont interdites à la vente dans l'Union européenne. Ces changements dans le domaine de l'éclairage ont ainsi créé un besoin d’évaluation de performance environnementale des sources de lumière, d'autant plus que les changements sont souvent justifiés par les aspects environnementaux.
La méthode d'analyse du cycle de vie est normalisée à un niveau général. Pourtant, il n’existe pas de règles établies pour réaliser une analyse de cycle de vie en détail pour les sources de lumière. Par conséquent, il est impossible de comparer directement les résultats qui proviennent généralement d’analyses différentes. En outre, le nombre de sources lumineuses, en particulier des lampes et luminaires à LED, augmente sur le marché. Ainsi, il serait utile d’évaluer des sources de lumière de façon similaire.
Ce travail aborde le problème en présentant deux modèles, l’un simple et l’autre étendu, afin d’effectuer une analyse du cycle de vie des sources lumineuses rapidement et en toute transparence. Les modèles sont développés sur la base de quatre études de cas présentées dans la thèse et l’examen des analyses du cycle de vie trouvées dans la littérature. Les deux modèles simplifiés recommandent les paramètres clés de l'analyse du cycle de vie: une unité fonctionnelle, les étapes du cycle de vie, et la source d'énergie en phase d’utilisation.
Quatre études de cas ont ici été réalisées: deux analyses du cycle de vie d'un luminaire à lampe à fluorescence et d'un luminaire encastré à LED, une analyse des coûts du cycle de vie des luminaires d'éclairage public , et une analyse combinant à la fois l'analyse du cycle de vie et l'analyse du coût du cycle de vie des lampes non-dirigées.
Des résultats similaires ont été trouvés dans les études de cas et l'examen des analyses de cycle de vie antérieures malgré les différences dans les méthodes, et les champs de l’étude. De tous les impacts environnementaus du cycle de vie, c’est la consommation d'énergie durant la phase d’utilisation qui prédomine. Il a été constaté que les impacts environnementaux sont corrélés à la durée de vie de la source lumineuse ainsi que la source d'énergie utilisée. La phase d'utilisation prédomine le plus clairement sur les impacts en cas de faible efficacité lumineuse et fabrication simple. Généralement, la fabrication est la deuxième cause la plus importante des impacts environnementaux moyens. L'importance de la fabrication devrait augmenter par l’analyse plus détaillée des procédés et matériaux de fabrication. Les impacts moyens des autres étapes du cycle de vie, tels que les transports et la fin de vie, sont pratiquement négligeables. Cependant, ils pourraient peut être s’avérer notables dans une certaine catégorie d'impacts
Analyse du cycle de vie de sources lumineuses – Etudes de cas et examen des analyses
Lighting is a major global consumer of electricity and undergoing drastic changes due to legislative and voluntary measures. Widely-used conventional light sources, such as incandescent lamps and high pressure mercury lamps, are banned from the European Union market. The number of light sources on the market is expanding especially regarding the LED lamps and luminaires. These major changes in the lighting sector create a need for evaluating the environmental performance of light sources, especially as the changes are justified by the environmental aspects, such as energy consumption.
The life cycle assessment method is standardized on a general level, but no established rules exist for conducting a life cycle assessment of light sources in detail. In most cases, it is impossible to directly compare the results of different assessments. Because of the major changes in the lighting market, it is useful to assess the environmental impacts of various light sources in similar methods.
The work addresses this problem by presenting two models, a simple and an extensive one, for conducting the life cycle assessment of light sources rapidly and in a transparent, comparative way. The models are developed on the basis of four case studies presented in the work and a review to the life cycle assessment found in the literature. Both models are simplified, and they recommend the key parameters of the life cycle assessment: functional unit, stages of the life cycle, environmental impacts, and energy source in use stage.
Four case studies were conducted in the work: two life cycle assessments of a fluorescent lamp luminaire and an LED downlight luminaire, one life cycle cost analysis of street lighting luminaires, and one analysis combining both life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of non-directional lamps.
The case studies and the review of the previous life cycle assessments concluded similar findings despite the differences in the methods, scopes and evaluated light sources. The main conclusion of the life cycle assessments was the clear dominance of the use stage energy consumption. The environmental impacts of the use were found to be sensitive to the life of the light source and the used energy source. The dominance of the use stage was the clearest in light sources of low luminous efficacy and low manufacturing efforts and when using high-emission energy sources. The manufacturing was usually the second significant cause for average environmental impacts. The importance of the manufacturing is estimated to increase by a more detailed assessment of the manufacturing processes. The average environmental impacts of other life cycle stages, such as transport and end-of-life, were found practically negligible, but possibly notable in a certain environmental impact category.Valaistus on merkittävä globaali sähkönkuluttaja ja sen takia siihen kohdistuu sekä lainsäädännöllisiä että vapaaehtoisia muutospaineita. Euroopan unionin markkinoilta on poistumassa paljon käytettyjä perinteisiä valonlähteitä, kuten hehkulamppu ja suurpaine-elohopealamppu. Markkinoille on tullut ja on tulossa paljon uusia tuotteita, erityisesti LED-lamppuja ja -valaisimia. Nämä muutokset ovat luoneet tarpeen arvioida valonlähteiden ympäristövaikutuksia, erityisesti koska muutoksia usein perustellaan ympäristöseikoin.
Elinkaariarviointi on standardisoitu yleisellä tasolla mutta yksityiskohtaisia ohjeita nimenomaan valonlähteiden elinkaariarvioinnille ei ole. Sen vuoksi on yleensä mahdotonta verrata arviointien tuloksia. Koska tuotekirjo kasvaa ja muuttuu, on tarpeellista arvioida eri valonlähteiden ympäristövaikutuksia samoin menetelmin.
Väitöskirjassa kehitetään kaksi mallia valonlähteiden elinkaariarviointimenetelmälle. Nämä kaksi mallia, yksinkertainen ja laaja, yksinkertaistavat elinkaariarviointia, jotta se nopeutuisi ja olisi läpinäkyvä. Mallit kehitettiin neljän väitöskirjatyössä tehdyn arvioinnin ja jo olemassa olleiden, kirjallisuudesta löytyneiden elinkaariarviointien pohjalta. Mallit esittävät suositukset valonlähteiden elinkaariarvioinnin merkittävimmille määreille: toiminnalliselle yksikölle, huomioitaville elinkaaren vaiheille, ympäristövaikutuksille ja käytönaikaisen energian mallintamiselle.
Väitöskirja esittelee neljä osatutkimusta: kaksi elinkaariarviointia LED-syväsäteilyvalaisimelle ja loistelamppuvalaisimelle, yksi elinkaarikustannusanalyysi katuvalaisimille ja yksi yksinkertaistettu elinkaariarvioinnin ja elinkaarikustannusanalyysin yhdistävä tutkimus ympärisäteileville lampuille.
Osatutkimusten ja kirjallisuuden elinkaariarviointien tarkastelun johtopäätökset ovat samansuuntaisia menetelmien, soveltamisalan ja tarkasteltujen valonlähteiden eroavaisuuksista huolimatta. Käytönaikaisen energiankulutuksen todetaan olevan määräävä tekijä valonlähteiden ympäristövaikutuksissa. Väitöskirjassa havaitaan käytönaikaisten ympäristövaikutusten riippuvan valonlähteen polttoiästä ja käytetystä energiamuodosta. Käyttövaiheen havaitaan olevan merkittävä erityisesti heikon valotehokkuuden valonlähteillä, joiden valmistusvaihe on yksinkertainen. Käyttövaiheen merkittävyyteen vaikuttaa käytönaikainen energialähde. Valmistusvaihe todettiin tyypillisesti toiseksi merkittävimmäksi elinkaaren vaiheeksi. Valmistuksen merkitys kasvaa valmistusprosessien ja materiaalien yksityiskohtaisemmalla tarkastelulla. Muiden elinkaaren vaiheiden, kuten kuljetuksen ja käytöstä poiston, keskimääräiset ympäristövaikutukset ovat käytännössä merkityksettömiä, mutta yksittäisissä ympäristövaikutusluokissa jopa merkittäviä.Le domaine de l’éclairage, gros consommateur mondial d'électricité, connaît actuellement des changements de part des mesures législatives et volontaires. Les sources lumineuses conventionnelles, comme les lampes à incandescence et à mercure haute pression, sont interdites à la vente dans l'Union européenne. Ces changements dans le domaine de l'éclairage ont ainsi créé un besoin d’évaluation de performance environnementale des sources de lumière, d'autant plus que les changements sont souvent justifiés par les aspects environnementaux.
La méthode d'analyse du cycle de vie est normalisée à un niveau général. Pourtant, il n’existe pas de règles établies pour réaliser une analyse de cycle de vie en détail pour les sources de lumière. Par conséquent, il est impossible de comparer directement les résultats qui proviennent généralement d’analyses différentes. En outre, le nombre de sources lumineuses, en particulier des lampes et luminaires à LED, augmente sur le marché. Ainsi, il serait utile d’évaluer des sources de lumière de façon similaire.
Ce travail aborde le problème en présentant deux modèles, l’un simple et l’autre étendu, afin d’effectuer une analyse du cycle de vie des sources lumineuses rapidement et en toute transparence. Les modèles sont développés sur la base de quatre études de cas présentées dans la thèse et l’examen des analyses du cycle de vie trouvées dans la littérature. Les deux modèles simplifiés recommandent les paramètres clés de l'analyse du cycle de vie: une unité fonctionnelle, les étapes du cycle de vie, et la source d'énergie en phase d’utilisation.
Quatre études de cas ont ici été réalisées: deux analyses du cycle de vie d'un luminaire à lampe à fluorescence et d'un luminaire encastré à LED, une analyse des coûts du cycle de vie des luminaires d'éclairage public , et une analyse combinant à la fois l'analyse du cycle de vie et l'analyse du coût du cycle de vie des lampes non-dirigées.
Des résultats similaires ont été trouvés dans les études de cas et l'examen des analyses de cycle de vie antérieures malgré les différences dans les méthodes, et les champs de l’étude. De tous les impacts environnementaus du cycle de vie, c’est la consommation d'énergie durant la phase d’utilisation qui prédomine. Il a été constaté que les impacts environnementaux sont corrélés à la durée de vie de la source lumineuse ainsi que la source d'énergie utilisée. La phase d'utilisation prédomine le plus clairement sur les impacts en cas de faible efficacité lumineuse et fabrication simple. Généralement, la fabrication est la deuxième cause la plus importante des impacts environnementaux moyens. L'importance de la fabrication devrait augmenter par l’analyse plus détaillée des procédés et matériaux de fabrication. Les impacts moyens des autres étapes du cycle de vie, tels que les transports et la fin de vie, sont pratiquement négligeables. Cependant, ils pourraient peut être s’avérer notables dans une certaine catégorie d'impacts
Life cycle assessment of light sources (case studies and review of the analyses)
TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF
Considering optimal lifetimes for LED lamps: A mixed approach and policy implications
Ecodesign policy for energy-using products so far has tended to focus on the energy efficiency requirements, but there is increasing interest in durability requirements as well. This exploratory study analyses whether and when long lifetimes are preferable when considering the trade-offs between durability and other important parameters such as costs and environmental impacts, examining the case of LED lamps. This is an interesting product group to examine because of the improving lumen efficiency of the technology as well as the increasing emphasis on lifetimes by both producers and policymakers. This research integrates both economic and environmental approaches to examine optimal lifetimes in the case of LED lamps. The first part of the research utilised an optimised least lifecycle cost (LCC) model of LED household lamps for sale in a Swedish online market, finding that optimal lifetimes were in the range of 25000–30000 hours for these lamps. However, this modelling did not consider dynamic factors such as changing prices and efficiencies. This study took the case of 800 lumen lamps to consider these factors, utilising both LCC scenarios, varying lifetime, purchase prices, energy cost and efficiency as well as LCA scenarios, varying electricity mix and lifetimes. The mixed approach demonstrates that different conclusions can be reached depending on the approach and the assumptions used. The merits and possible future improvements of these approaches for approximating optimal lifetimes of LED lamps are discussed based on preliminary findings. Lastly, the implications of the findings for further development of durability requirements and other policies are briefly discussed.Peer reviewe
Trade-offs with longer lifetimes? The case of LED lamps considering product development and energy contexts
Longer product lifetimes are promoted by the EU's Circular Economy Action Plan, but incentivising longer lifetimes could also result in trade-offs between different environmental impacts for some product categories. LED lamps are still experiencing improvements in efficacy and material design, which raises questions about whether longer lifetimes are desirable from an overall environmental perspective. Applying a comprehensive life cycle assessment using actual product cases from 2012 to 2017, the research builds on previous product lifetime studies and lighting product research to determine the scenarios in which longer lifetimes are desirable from an overall environmental perspective. The factors explored in the scenarios included improving products in terms of efficiency and dematerialisation as well as decarbonised electricity contexts. The results indicate that product replacement with improved products resulted in environmental benefits compared to keeping longer life products in use, but there are sometrade-offs between environmental impacts. However, these trade-offs are minimised in the context of decarbonised electricity mixes and will further decrease as LED lamp technology matures and product development slows. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.Peer reviewe
Considering optimal lifetimes for LED lamps: a mixed approach and policy implications
Ecodesign policy for energy-using products so far has tended to focus on the energy efficiency requirements, but there is increasing interest in durability requirements as well. This exploratory study analyses whether and when long lifetimes are preferable when considering the trade-offs between durability and other important parameters such as costs and environmental impacts, examining the case of LED lamps. This is an interesting product group to examine because of the improving lumen efficiency of the technology as well as the increasing emphasis on lifetimes by both producers and policymakers. This research integrates both economic and environmental approaches to examine optimal lifetimes in the case of LED lamps. The first part of the research utilised an optimised least lifecycle cost (LCC) model of LED household lamps for sale in a Swedish online market, finding that optimal lifetimes were in the range of 25000–30000 hours for these lamps. However, this modelling did not consider dynamic factors such as changing prices and efficiencies. This study took the case of 800 lumen lamps to consider these factors, utilising both LCC scenarios, varying lifetime, purchase prices, energy cost and efficiency as well as LCA scenarios, varying electricity mix and lifetimes. The mixed approach demonstrates that different conclusions can be reached depending on the approach and the assumptions used. The merits and possible future improvements of these approaches for approximating optimal lifetimes of LED lamps are discussed based on preliminary findings. Lastly, the implications of the findings for further development of durability requirements and other policies are briefly discussed
Potential Long-Term Global Environmental Implications of Efficient Light-Source Technologies
Artificial lighting is a major source of electricity demand globally. As the demand for lighting services grows over the next 40 years, especially in developing countries, efficient light-source technologies such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can reduce the energy consumed for lighting services and therefore its environmental impacts. LED technologies in both residential and commercial/industrial applications are expected to see dramatic improvements in luminous efficacy over the coming decades, potentially leading to more environmentally benign lighting. A scenario-based, integrated hybrid life cycle assessment quantifies and confirms the environmental benefits of deploying efficient light sources in all global regions through 2050, with electricity generation following the International Energy Agency's (IEA) BLUE Map scenario for limiting climate change to 2 degrees Celsius. Data used for previous assessments of light sources is updated and harmonized to reflect recent and expected future improvements in luminous efficacy and materials efficiency for LED lamps and luminaires. The aggregate life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of global light provision can be reduced by more than a factor of 7 owing to decarbonization of electricity generation, increased adoption of efficient light sources, and future advances in LED technology. Estimates of the technological capability and market penetration of efficient light sources show that by 2050, a 2.5 to 2.9 times growth in the global demand for lighting services can be accommodated while still meeting IEA GHG mitigation goals and increasing metal depletion just 20% above 2010 estimates.Peer reviewe
The Influences of Tunnel Lighting Environment on Drivers’ Peripheral Visual Performance during Transient Adaptation
Highway tunnel lighting environments include sidewall, pavement, ceiling, etc., their surface luminance were affected by the distribution of luminous flux of the lamps. While driving through a highway tunnel, the driver needs to complete a series of visual tasks. The spatial distribution of the luminance and color on the road surface and sidewall, as well as the correlated color temperature, influence the driver’s visual performance. The process of driving through a highway tunnel lighting environment was simulated in a laboratory where the luminance of the non-uniform visual environment was gradually decreased. The effects of the spatial distribution of the lighting environment parameters on a driver’s visual performance was studied by testing each subject’s reaction times and missed target rates. The tests showed that the spatial distribution of the lighting environment parameters significantly influences a driver’s visual performance, and the effects on test subjects’ peripheral visual performance are different in threshold, transition, and interior zones. The optimization of the spatial distribution of the lighting environment parameters can enhance traffic safety and energy saving of highway tunnel lighting.Peer reviewe