Perspectivization and modes of quoting in Hungarian

This paper examines modes of quoting with special regard to the organization of perspective. Due to the pragmatic interest of the study, our focus is on the functioning of two context-dependent vantage points, the subject of consciousness and the referential centre. Our key question about the former is to whom speaking as a sign of active consciousness is attributed and how this is linguistically marked. As regards the latter, the central issue is from where and how the spatio-temporal and interpersonal relations of the quoted discourse are represented.Further problems to be discussed include the questions of how and to what extent quoting is associated with pragmatic or metapragmatic awareness, and how various quoting modes may differ along this dimension.Although the paper is mostly concerned with a ‘universal pragmatic’ characterization of the functioning of perspective in quotations, it also highlights some language-particular features of Hungarian quoting strategies and touches on their evolution in the history of the language

Digitalizáció és életminőség = Digitalization and Quality of Life

Kiinduló hipotézisünk szerint, minél magasabb egy adott ország digitális fejlettségi szintje, annál magasabb életminőség érhető el a különböző digitális technológiai előnyök nyújtotta megoldások következtében. Kutatásunk során az Európai Uniós országok Digitális Gazdaság és Társadalom Indexeinek (DESI) és az Életminőség Indexeinek (QLI) kapcsolatát vizsgáltuk 2014 és 2019 között. Erős pozitív kapcsolatot találtunk a digitalizáció mértéke (DESI) és az életminőség szintje (QLI) között. = Our hypothesis was that the higher the level of digital development in a given country, the greater the quality of life it can achieve due to the benefits of various digital technologies. In our research, we investigated the relationship between the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) and the Quality of Life Index (QLI) among the EU countries from 2014 to 2019. We found a strong positive relationship between the level of digitalization (DESI) and the quality of life (QLI)

The effect of incorrect scanning distance on boundary detection errors and macular thickness measurements by spectral domain optical coherence tomography: a cross sectional study

BACKGROUND: To investigate the influence of scan distance on retinal boundary detection errors (RBDEs) and retinal thickness measurements by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: 10 eyes of healthy subjects, 10 eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) and 10 eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were examined with RTVue SD-OCT. The MM5 protocol was used in two consecutive sessions to scan the macula. For the first session, the device was set 3.5 cm from the eye in order to obtain detectable signal with low fundus image quality (suboptimal setting) while in the second session a distance of 2.5 cm was set with a good quality fundus image. The signal strength (SSI) value was recorded. The score for retinal boundary detection errors (RBDE) was calculated for ten scans of each examination. RBDE scores were recorded for the whole scan and also for the peripheral 1.0 mm region. RBDE scores, regional retinal thickness values and SSI values between the two sessions were compared. The correlation between SSI and the number of RBDEs was also examined. RESULTS: The SSI was significantly lower with suboptimal settings compared to optimal settings (63.9+/-12.0 vs. 68.3+/-12.2, respectively, p = 0.001) and the number of RBDEs was significantly higher with suboptimal settings in the "all-eyes" group along with the group of healthy subjects and eyes with DME (9.1+/-6.5 vs. 6.8+/-6.3, p = 0.007; 4.4+/-2.6 vs. 2.5+/-1.6, p = 0.035 and 9.7+/-3.3 vs. 5.1+/-3.7, p = 0.008, respectively). For these groups, significant negative correlation was found between the SSI and the number of RBDEs. In the AMD group, the number of RBDEs was markedly higher compared to the other groups and there was no difference in RBDEs between optimal and suboptimal settings with the errors being independent of the SSI. There were significantly less peripheral RBDEs with optimal settings in the "all-eyes" group and the DME subgroup (2.7+/-2.6 vs. 4.2+/-2.8, p = 0.001 and 1.4+/-1.7 vs. 4.1+/-2.2, p = 0.007, respectively). Retinal thickness in the two settings was significantly different only in the outer-superior region in DME. CONCLUSIONS: Optimal distance settings improve SD-OCT SSI with a decrease in RBDEs while retinal thickness measurements are independent of scanning distance

Environmental factors shaping the distribution of common wintering waterbirds in a lake ecosystem with developed shoreline

In this study, we tested whether the spatial distribution of waterbirds is influenced by shoreline urbanization or other habitat characteristics. We conducted monthly censuses along shoreline sections of a continental lake (Lake Balaton, Hungary) to assess the abundance of 11 common species that use this lake as a feeding and staging area during migration and winter. We estimated the degree of urbanization of the same shoreline sections and also measured other habitat characteristics (water depth, extent of reed cover, biomass of zebra mussels, distances to waste dumps and to other wetlands). We applied linear models and model averaging to identify habitat variables with high relative importance for predicting bird distributions. Bird abundance and urbanization were strongly related only in one species. Other habitat variables exhibited stronger relationships with bird distribution: (1) diving ducks and coots preferred shoreline sections with high zebra mussel biomass, (2) gulls preferred sites close to waste dumps, and (3) the abundances of several species were higher on shoreline sections close to other wetlands. Our findings suggest that the distribution of waterbirds on Lake Balaton is largely independent of shoreline urbanization and influenced by food availability and connectivity between wetlands

The Effect of Axial Length on the Thickness of Intraretinal Layers of the Macula.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of axial length (AL) on the thickness of intraretinal layers in the macula using optical coherence tomography (OCT) image analysis. METHODS: Fifty three randomly selected eyes of 53 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The median age of the participants was 29 years (range: 6 to 67 years). AL was measured for each eye using a Lenstar LS 900 device. OCT imaging of the macula was also performed by Stratus OCT. OCTRIMA software was used to process the raw OCT scans and to determine the weighted mean thickness of 6 intraretinal layers and the total retina. Partial correlation test was performed to assess the correlation between the AL and the thickness values. RESULTS: Total retinal thickness showed moderate negative correlation with AL (r = -0.378, p = 0.0007), while no correlation was observed between the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCC), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and AL. Moderate negative correlation was observed also between the thickness of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer complex (GCL+IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL) and AL which were more pronounced in the peripheral ring (r = -0.402, p = 0.004; r = -0.429, p = 0.002; r = -0.360, p = 0.01; r = -0.448, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results have shown that the thickness of the nuclear layers and the total retina is correlated with AL. The reason underlying this could be the lateral stretching capability of these layers; however, further research is warranted to prove this theory. Our results suggest that the effect of AL on retinal layers should be taken into account in future studies

In Vivo Evaluation of Retinal Neurodegeneration in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

To evaluate macular morphology in the eyes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with or without optic neuritis (ON) in previous history.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination was performed in thirty-nine patients with MS and in thirty-three healthy subjects. The raw macular OCT data were processed using OCTRIMA software. The circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and the weighted mean thickness of the total retina and 6 intraretinal layers were obtained for each eye. The eyes of MS patients were divided into a group of 39 ON-affected eyes, and into a group of 34 eyes with no history of ON for the statistical analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to determine which parameter can discriminate best between the non-affected group and controls.The circumpapillary RNFL thickness was significantly decreased in the non-affected eyes compared to controls group only in the temporal quadrant (p = 0.001) while it was decreased in the affected eyes of the MS patients in all quadrants compared to the non-affected eyes (p<0.05 in each comparison). The thickness of the total retina, RNFL, ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer complex (GCL+IPL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC, comprising the RNFL and GCL+IPL) in the macula was significantly decreased in the non-affected eyes compared to controls (p<0.05 for each comparison) and in the ON-affected eyes compared to the non-affected eyes (p<0.001 for each comparison). The largest area under the ROC curve (0.892) was obtained for the weighted mean thickness of the GCC. The EDSS score showed the strongest correlation with the GCL+IPL and GCC thickness (p = 0.007, r = 0.43 for both variables).Thinning of the inner retinal layers is present in eyes of MS patients regardless of previous ON. Macular OCT image segmentation might provide a better insight into the pathology of neuronal loss and could therefore play an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with MS