Can we detect internal moisture content in hardened concrete with an infrared camera?

The main goal of this paper was to assess the ability of infrared thermography to detect non-superficial moisture content in concrete elements. For this purpose, a commercial camera (Flir i5) was used and firstly its capacities and technical limitations were analyzed by comparing it with other commonly commercialized. Secondly, the experiments were undertaken using a concrete specimen (water/cement=0.5) and water under a pressure of 500 kPa was injected over 72 hours into one side of the specimen. The specimen was then left at room temperature (20ºC) for 24 hours, so the surface moisture disappeared. Prior to the images acquisition, the specimen surface was heated by a lamp located at a distance of 0.68 m from the central point of the specimen. In this way, two areas (dry and injected) to be registered would receive the same energy, since they were equidistant from the heating source. The first record was acquired before heating the specimen and then, the heating process was interrupted every 10 minutes to perform the infrared images acquisitions. Finally, by means of the destructive test, the average water penetration depth was assessed to be 3 cm. The infrared images acquired before heating the specimen showed a small temperature variation as a result of the presence of water, 16,3 ºC in the dry area and 15,8 ºC in the injected area. However, after the heating, due to the greater specific heat of water, the injected part achieved a temperature 4º C lower than the symmetrical dry area. This result was very interesting because, in the initial moment (before heating) the surface specimen was dry, but there was a wet area inside of the specimen that was not visually identifiable. Nevertheless, by means of infrared imaging an indicator was obtained that allowed to detect the presence of this internal moisture content

A percepção ambiental do corpo docente de uma escola pública rural em Manaus (Amazonas).

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma escola localizada em área rural de Manaus (AM), a fim de conhecer a percepção dos professores sobre meio ambiente. Foram aplicados formulários com perguntas abertas, respondidos por 83% do grupo docente. Os resultados revelaram que a visão naturalista e a antropocêntrica são predominantes. A temática ambiental é restrita, geralmente, à sala de aula. Com isso, verificou-se ser imprescindível que a escola avance para ações extra-curriculares, aumentando o elo com o cotidiano dos alunos, de formar a ampliar a visão de mundo destes e a tornar efetiva a educação ambiental na referida escola.201

O discurso da institucionalização de práticas em saúde: uma reflexão à luz dos referenciais teóricos das ciências humanas The institutionalization speech of health practices: a reflection based on the approach of the Human Sciences

O objetivo deste artigo é promover uma reflexão sobre o discurso da institucionalização de práticas de saúde, notadamente da avaliação, e em que medida ela pode levar à mudança pretendida, ou, por outro lado, reafirmar conceitos enraizados e reproduzir práticas. Para isto, se buscou auxílio nos teóricos do campo das ciências humanas, principalmente aqueles que têm refletido sobre as instituições sociais. Os referenciais teóricos utilizados são de autores da sociologia positivista, da fenomenologia sociológica e do movimento institucionalista francês. Com eles, busca-se compreender a noção de instituição presente nessas escolas e seu reflexo na concepção de institucionalização. À luz do referencial no qual se apóiam, os autores sugerem alguns cuidados na condução prática das ações que apóiam o movimento da institucionalização da avaliação em saúde.<br>This paper aims to promote reflections on the movement to institutionalize health practices evaluation: can it lead to the intended changes or may it reproduce old practices? To answer these questions, it was necessary to resort to the aid of Human Sciences mainly the authors who study social institutions. These authors based their theories on Positivistic sociology, on sociological phenomenology and on the precepts of the French institutionalism movement. Following their lines of thought, this paper is intended to further understand the concept of institution and institutionalization present in those social schools. Based on the theoretical framework which encourages this text, the authors suggest some special attention be placed on actions that support the movement for health evaluation institutionalization