Guidance to Transcription in Tamil Language with Reference to Tamil Grammar Texts

The mix of foreign words in Tamil is inevitable due to the mix of foreign languages, translation, globalization, scientific and technological development, new discoveries, and passion for English. Other scripts that are not in Tamil are used in some of the words, so they are mixed. When writing Northern language words, including Sanskrit in Classical Tamil, we used the phonetic letters s, j, sh, h, x, and sri, which are called Grantha letters. Later, when writing English and other words in Tamil, it became necessary to write with such letters for sounds that are not in Tamil. Apart from this, Tamil grammar texts have from time to time stated some instructions for transcribing in Tamil script in accordance with the Tamil phonetic system. This article seeks to summarise the grammar of Tamil grammar texts from Tolkappiyam to Tamilkaappu Iyam, published in 2005, and how their grammar is referred to as Northern Translation/Other Translation and their current use

Forecasting milk production in Tamilnadu

Tamilnadu, with a daily milk production of 145.88 lakh litres, is one of the leading states in milk production in India. And the Tamilnadu milk cooperatives play a major role in the development dairy within the state. This study aims at forecasting milk production in Tamilnadu, based on data on milk production during the years from 1978 to 2008. The study considered Autoregressive (AR), Moving Average (MA) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) processes to select the appropriate stochastic model for forecasting milk production in Tamilnadu. Based on ARIMA (p, d, q) and its components ACF, PACF, Normalized BIC, Box-Ljung Q statistics and residuals estimated, ARIMA (1, 1, 0) was selected. Based on the chosen model, it could be predicted that the milk production would increase to 7.15 million tons in 2015 from 5.96 million tons in 2008 in Tamilnadu

Ethnomedicinal knowledge among the Malayali tribal of Chitteri hills, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India

The present study was aimed to document the ethnomedicinal knowledge among the Malayali tribal of Chitteri hills Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. Field visits were made to the Chitteri hills every month covering all seasons. Interviews with traditional healers and other knowledgeable inhabitants and farmers were conducted. The Malayali tribal people of Chitteri hills use 320 plant species for their day-to-day life, this ethnobotanical exploration revealed they were the habit of using around 216 species of medicinal plants belonging to 200 genera under 45 families. Malayali tribes use morphological characters such as bark surface, leaf colour, leaf taste and exudates, underground plant parts and ecology of species as criteria for identification of 135 species belongs to 105 genera under 46 families. The documentation of the knowledge of Malayali tribal identification of plants of Chitteri hills is to be accorded top priority in the preservation of our ancient traditional knowledge

Preparation and Characterization of Transdermal Flims of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ketoprofen.

Topical drug delivery is well-known for the treatment of local skin disorders, but the use of the skin as a route for systemic drug delivery is a more recent development. Very few Transdermal products have been approved to date, largely because of the complexities involved in achieving a consistent delivery rate. There are many variables that influence the absorption of drugs across the skin and into the general circulation, including the biological properties of the skin, chemical properties of the drug, and the interactions between skin and drug delivery system. Systematic studies have led to complications of permeability data for a range of drugs through skin, both stratum corneum and dermis. On the basis of good mechanical properties, better compatibility and stability of drug with polymer, highest drug permeation, we selected film formulation F3 (3% Menthol) for use in In vivo studies. The in vivo studies revealed a significant increase in anti inflammatory effects as compared with conventional gel without menthol. From in vitro and in vivo data it can be concluded that the developed film formulation F3 have great potential for transdermal drug delivery. Developed film formulation F3 has the best effective combination of polymer to achieve therapeutic plasma concentration. But additional experiments should be carried out before the film formulations are used on humans

A comparative study on morphometric and meristic characters of Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791) in the coasts of India

A total of 200 threadfin bream Nemipterus japonicus was collected from Chennai in the east coast and Kochi in the west coast during January to February 2013 and studied for their morphometric and meristic characters. In total, 21 characters were analyzed out of which 3 characters namely dorsal, ventral and anal fins were not considered since they were unaltered. The findings indicate that 91% of the total variation in the data can be accounted for by three clusters. Small values of 1-R**2 ratio for the three clusters obtained indicate good clustering. The small values of p (≤0.0001) indicate that there are significant differences in the variables of Chennai and Kochi data which are shown through MANOVA. This might depict that the fish of Chennai and Kochi might be of 2 different stocks. Moreover, the study has also aided in identifying the importance of regular monitoring of stock assessment and the biology of commercially important fishes

Behavioural analysis of single-cell aneural ciliate, Stentor roeseli, using machine learning approaches.

There is still a significant gap between our understanding of neural circuits and the behaviours they compute-i.e. the computations performed by these neural networks (Carandini 2012 Nat. Neurosci.15, 507-509. (doi:10.1038/nn.3043)). Cellular decision-making processes, learning, behaviour and memory formation-all that have been only associated with animals with neural systems-have also been observed in many unicellular aneural organisms, namely Physarum, Paramecium and Stentor (Tang & Marshall2018 Curr. Biol.28, R1180-R1184. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.015)). As these are fully functioning organisms, yet being unicellular, there is a much better chance to elucidate the detailed mechanisms underlying these learning processes in these organisms without the complications of highly interconnected neural circuits. An intriguing learning behaviour observed in Stentor roeseli (Jennings 1902 Am. J. Physiol. Legacy Content8, 23-60. (doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1902.8.1.23)) when stimulated with carmine has left scientists puzzled for more than a century. So far, none of the existing learning paradigm can fully encapsulate this particular series of five characteristic avoidance reactions. Although we were able to observe all responses described in the literature and in a previous study (Dexter et al. 2019), they do not conform to any particular learning model. We then investigated whether models inferred from machine learning approaches, including decision tree, random forest and feed-forward artificial neural networks could infer and predict the behaviour of S. roeseli. Our results showed that an artificial neural network with multiple 'computational' neurons is inefficient at modelling the single-celled ciliate's avoidance reactions. This has highlighted the complexity of behaviours in aneural organisms. Additionally, this report will also discuss the significance of elucidating molecular details underlying learning and decision-making processes in these unicellular organisms, which could offer valuable insights that are applicable to higher animals.KMT is funded by Cambridge Trust Scholarship and Trinity Overseas Bursaries; SP is funded by the Cambridge-DBT lectureship

Methyl 2-methyl-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C5H7N3O2, all non-H atoms lie in a common plane, with a maximum deviation of 0.061 (2)° for the ester methyl C atom. The structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Design and fabrication of angular post JIG

An objective of the mass production is to increase the productivity and the accuracy. This is done by reducing the set up cost and manual burnouts. Thus mass production can be acquired by the use of jigs.  For large scale production of unlike materials a lot of time is wasted in start of the device and clamping the device. An experimental approach method is regularly practiced until the axis of the hole is properly line up with the axis of the drill. In such a situation a division of time is being wasted to maintain the accuracy. This paper is mainly composed of design and fabrication of the Angular postjig which cover the absolute design to the described dimensions of the work piece and would make the production process easier