PREPARATION, DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF APIGENIN IN APIGENIN–HYDROGENATED SOY PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (HSPC) COMPLEX

Objective: To Develop simple, sensitive UV – visible spectrophotometric method for determination of Apigenin (APG) in Apigenin – Hydrogenated Soy Phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) Complex.Methods: The APG –HSPC Complex (phytosomes) were prepared by dissolving both APG and HSPC in 20 ml mixture of 1, 4 – dioxane: methanol at a ratio of (14:6) by refluxing and complex produced by solvent evaporation method. The spectrophotometric detection of APG was done at the absorption maximum (λ max) of 335 nm and 268 nm using methanol as solvent. The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.Results: APG content in APG – HSPC Complex was found to be 82.86±0.90% and 76.89±0.84% at 335 nm and 268 nm. APG exhibited good linearity in concentration range 2 – 12 µg/ml (r2>0.99) at 335 nm and 2 – 14 µg/ml (r2>0.99) at 268 nm. Precision and mean recoveries were found to be in the range of (% RSD 0.0981 & 0.0989) and (% RSD 0.0829 & 0.1116) and 94.67±2.52 % & 86.56±1.90 % at 335 nm and at 268 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be (0.0106µg/ml & 0.0322µg/ml) and (0.0259µg/ml & 0.0757µg/ml) respectively.Conclusion: The developed method was found to be minimal, specific, economic, reliable, accurate, precise, and reproducible that used as a quality control tool for analysis of APG.Â

Kaempferol-Phospholipid Complex: Formulation, and Evaluation of Improved Solubility, In Vivo Bioavailability, and Antioxidant Potential of Kaempferol

The current work describes the formulation and evaluation of a phospholipid complex of kaempferol toenhance the latter’s aqueous solubility, in vitro dissolution rate, in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotectiveactivities, and oral bioavailability. The kaempferol-phospholipid complex was synthesized using a freeze-drying method with the formulation being optimized using a full factorial design (32) approach. The resultsinclude the validation of the mathematical model in order to ascertain the role of specific formulation andprocess variables that contribute favorably to the formulation’s development. The final product wascharacterized and confirmed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform InfraredSpectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR), and Powder X-rayDiffraction (PXRD) analysis. The aqueous solubility and the in vitro dissolution rate were enhanced comparedto that of pure kaempferol. The in vivo antioxidant properties of the kaempferol-phospholipid complex wereevaluated by measuring its impact on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-intoxicated rats. The optimizedphospholipid complex improved the liver function test parameters to a significant level by restoration of allelevated liver marker enzymes in CCl4-intoxicated rats. The complex also enhanced the in vivo antioxidantpotential by increasing levels of GSH (reduced glutathione), SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase anddecreasing lipid peroxidation, compared to that of pure kaempferol. The final optimized phospholipidcomplex also demonstrated a significant improvement in oral bioavailability demonstrated by improvementsto key pharmacokinetic parameters, compared to that of pure kaempferol

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF THREE-COMPONENT IN TABLET DOSAGE FORMULATION

ABSTRACT:An accurate, simple, reproducible andsensitive method for the determination ofparacetamol, caffeine and chlorpheniraminemaleate in tablet dosage form is developed andvalidated. The separation is achieved usingHiQsilC18HS reverse-phase column (250 X 4.6mm I.D., particle size 5μm) using a mixture ofacetonitrile and water in the proportion 55:300with final pH of 2.4 adjusted with o-phosphoricacid as a mobile phase. The flow rate is 1.0mL/ min and effluents were monitored at 265nm. Total run time is less than 12 min. andretention time of paracetamol, caffeine andchlorpheniramine maleate are 6.742, 9.417, and3.683 min respectively. Validation of method isdone as per ICH guideline for accuracy,precision, linearity, specificity, and sensitivity.The linearity for paracetamol is found to be100-650 μg/mL where as for caffeine andchlorpheniramine maleate is found in the rangeof 15-100 μg/mL. Result of validation study isfound statistically significant because all thestatistical parameters were within theacceptance range (COV and S.D. <1.0 for bothaccuracy and precision). The limits of detection(LOD) values are 1.2014, 0.4587 and 0.8945and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values are0.5142, 0.4512 and 0.7845 μg/mL forparacetamol, caffeine and chlorpheniraminemaleate respectively. High percentage recoveryand low COV value revealed the reliability ofthe method for quantitative study of threedrugs in Fevril tablets as a quality-control toolfor routine quantitative determination ofparacetamol, caffeine and chlorpheniraminemaleate

INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS ON PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PACLITAXEL LIPOSOMES

Objective: Aim of the present investigation was to determine the effect of various synthetic grades of phospholipids on paclitaxel liposomes (PTL).Methods: The PTL formulations using various grades of phospholipids were prepared by film hydration method. The prepared PTL formulations were physicochemically characterized by entrapment efficiency (EE, %w/w), vesicular size and particle size distribution. These formulations were also characterized for function parameters such as in vitro release and hemolytic toxicity assay.Results: The synthetic grades of phospholipids significantly influenced PTL formulations. The stoichiometric ratio (1:1) between CH and various synthetic phospholipids was found to be optimized one, from rest of the ratios. The characterization confirmed the formation of PTL. The EE was observed to be high (86.67%) as increasing the ratios between CH and phospholipids but then declined suddenly as further increasing the ratio. The best liposomal formulations showed that the spherical shape was found to be within size ranging from<10 µm, with a higher rate and extent of the release, ~86.22% of paclitaxel from PTL formulation. The results of the hemolytic toxicity study demonstrated that PTL formulations with a ratio (1:1) exhibited a significantly lower hemolytic toxicity (2.70%), compared to all formulations.Conclusion: The result revealed the excellent effect of phospholipids on paclitaxel liposomes. The paclitaxel liposomes prepared with CH: PL90G ratio (1:1) was found to be optimized one. The entrapment efficiency, particle size distribution, in vitro release and hemolytic activity with this ratio shown to be excellent as compared to other ratios

ROLE OF MATRA BASTI (ENEMA) OVER ABHYANGA (MASSAGE) AND SWEDA (SUDATION) IN REDUCING SPASTICITY IN CEREBRAL PALSY WITH SUDDHA BALA TAILA-A RANDOMIZED COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY

Objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of Matra basti (enema) over Abhyanga (massage) and Sweda (sudation) in reducing spasticity in cerebral palsy. Study was carried out in IPD, Department of Kaumarbhritya, KLEs Shri BMK Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Shahapur, Belgaum, Karnataka; India.30 children fulfilling diagnostic criteria between the age group of 2-12 years were included and enrolled as per computer generated block randomization into 2 groups of 15 children in each group. Group A was administered with Matra basti (enema) after local Abhyanga (massage) with Suddha bala taila and local Swedana (sudation) with Nadi sweda (type of sudation) method for a duration of 15 days. In group B spastic children were treated with Sarvanga Abhyanga (massage all over body) followed by plain Nadi sweda with Suddha bala taila. Follow up was done on 30th and 45th day of treatment. Both the procedures were helpful in reducing spasticity. Matra basti (enema) is more effective in treating the spasticity of cerebral palsy as compared to Abhyanga (massage) and Sweda, whereas Abhyanga (massage) and Sweda (sudation) is effective in treating fine motor functions. Suddha Bala taila is effective in treating Ekanga vata (monoplegia), Pakshaghata (diplegia) and other related Vata Vyadhi (neurological disorders) as attributed to its Rogaghnata (disease). Thus the procedures are effecting in reducing spasticity

A NON OVERLAPPING CAMERA NETWORK: CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION TOWARDS LANE DEPARTURE WARNING

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a new multi camera approach to Lane Departure Warning (LDW). First, a perspective removal transformation is applied to the camera captured images to convert them into bird's-eye view images. Then, the position of the two cameras relative to a reference point is accurately determined using a new calibration technique. Lane detection is performed on the front and rear camera images who results are combined using data fusion. Finally, LDW is implemented by determining the distance between the vehicle and adjacent lane boundaries. The proposed system was tested on real world driving videos and shows good results when compared to ground truth

Generation of large flavor mixing from radiative corrections

We provide a model independent criterion which would guarantee a large flavor mixing of two quasi-degenerate Majorana neutrinos at the low scale, irrespective of the mixing at the high scale. We also show that such a situation is realizable for a phenomenologically interesting range of parameters of the weak scale theory. We further show that for a similar condition to be implementable for the three generation case, the CP parity of one of the neutrinos needs to be opposite to that of the others.Comment: 14 pages RevTeX, 2 eps figures. Minor changes made, a few references adde

Imaging single-cell Ca2+ dynamics of brainstem neurons and glia in freely behaving mice

In vivo brain imaging, using a combination of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators and gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens, is a transformative technology that has become an increasingly potent research tool over the last decade. It allows direct visualisation of the dynamic cellular activity of deep brain neurons and glia in conscious animals and avoids the effect of anaesthesia on the network. This technique provides a step change in brain imaging where fibre photometry combines the whole ensemble of cellular activity, and multiphoton microscopy is limited to imaging superficial brain structures either under anaesthesia or in head-restrained conditions. We have refined the intravital imaging technique to image deep brain nuclei in the ventral medulla oblongata, one of the most difficult brain structures to image due to the movement of brainstem structures outside the cranial cavity during free behaviour (head and neck movement), whose targeting requires GRIN lens insertion through the cerebellum—a key structure for balance and movement. Our protocol refines the implantation method of GRIN lenses, giving the best possible approach to image deep extracranial brainstem structures in awake rodents with improved cell rejection/acceptance criteria during analysis. We have recently reported this method for imaging the activity of retrotrapezoid nucleus and raphe neurons to outline their chemosensitive characteristics. This revised method paves the way to image challenging brainstem structures to investigate their role in complex behaviours such as breathing, circulation, sleep, digestion, and swallowing, and could be extended to image and study the role of cerebellum in balance, movement, motor learning, and beyond

Connexin26 mediates CO2-dependent regulation of breathing via glial cells of the medulla oblongata

Breathing is highly sensitive to the PCO2 of arterial blood. Although CO2 is detected via the proxy of pH, CO2 acting directly via Cx26 may also contribute to the regulation of breathing. Here we exploit our knowledge of the structural motif of CO2-binding to Cx26 to devise a dominant negative subunit (Cx26DN) that removes the CO2-sensitivity from endogenously expressed wild type Cx26. Expression of Cx26DN in glial cells of a circumscribed region of the mouse medulla - the caudal parapyramidal area – reduced the adaptive change in tidal volume and minute ventilation by approximately 30% at 6% inspired CO2. As central chemosensors mediate about 70% of the total response to hypercapnia, CO2-sensing via Cx26 in the caudal parapyramidal area contributed about 45% of the centrally-mediated ventilatory response to CO2. Our data unequivocally link the direct sensing of CO2 to the chemosensory control of breathing and demonstrates that CO2-binding to Cx26 is a key transduction step in this fundamental process