Kontrola operacyjna w polskim prawie antyterrorystycznym

Passing the anti-terrorist law in Poland introduced a number of new legal solutions, including in the scope of carrying out operational tasks by services involved in anti-terrorist activities. One of the powers is the ability to independently manage wiretapping by the Head of the Internal Security Agency in relation to foreigners. This legal regulation is the subject of polemics in the context of discussions referring to the extent of state interference in civil rights to the protection of privacy. The study analyzed the regulation of Article 9 Anti-terrorism Law in relation to the established jurisprudence of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal and the ECHR in the scope of interference of special services through the use of operational techniques in civil liberties and supervision over the application of these methods by independent authority. In addition, the question of possible violation of the prohibition of discrimination by the indicated legal norm was raised.Uchwalenie w Polsce ustawy antyterrorystycznej wprowadziło szereg nowych rozwiązań prawnych m.in. w zakresie realizacji zadań operacyjno-rozpoznawczych przez służby zaangażowane w działania antyterrorystyczne. Jednym z uprawnień jest możliwość samodzielnego zarządzania kontroli operacyjnej przez Szefa ABW w stosunku do cudzoziemców. Przepis ten stanowi przedmiot polemiki w kontekście dyskusji odnoszących się do zakresu ingerencji państwa w obywatelskie prawa do ochrony prywatności. W opracowaniu przeanalizowano zapisy normatywne art. 9 Prawa antyterrorystycznego w stosunku do ukształtowanego orzecznictwa TK oraz ETPCz w zakresie ingerencji służb specjalnych poprzez stosowanie technik operacyjnych w wolności obywatelskie oraz nadzoru nad stosowaniem tych metod przez niezależne organy. Ponadto poruszono kwestię możliwego naruszenia zakazu dyskryminacji przez wskazaną normę prawną

The Effect of Sedentary Behavior on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy and Metabolic Syndrome Women

Overweight and obese physical stature has been associated with increased endothelial dysfunction and the development of cardiovascular disease. This dysfunction may further be progressed as this population develops Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes. To understand the mechanisms responsible for the vascular dysfunction in the Metabolic Syndrome participants in our research study, we aimed to identify if there is a difference in the Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) as an effective measurement of peripheral arterial stiffness. Previous studies show that adults with higher superficial femoral artery stiffness experienced greater perceived fatigue and thus are less likely to continue daily physical activity. PURPOSE: To determine if daily ambulatory activity, as measured by peak cadence accelerometers, is associated with carotid arterial compliance and vascular response in young sedentary healthy and Metabolic Syndrome women. METHODS: 32 sedentary control women and 7 Metabolic Syndrome women (N=39) wore an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days to determine their daily activity and sedentary phases. Carotid and radial arterial compliance was measured using Tonometry technique to gather data on PWV (m/s) in both groups of women. Each participant performed a graded handgrip exercise procedure on a dynamic handgrip device while beat-to-beat blood pressure, brachial artery diameter, and blood flow with Doppler Ultrasound and B-mode imaging were measured simultaneously. Statistical analysis included correlations between daily step activity and peripheral arterial stiffness. Additional group comparisons were analyzed by a ANOVA using Sigmastat Analysis software. RESULTS: Metabolic Syndrome women, unlike the control group of women have a positive correlation (0.760, p=0.0476) between PWV and total time of sedentary bouts. Metabolic Equivalents (METs) compared with total time in sedentary breaks displayed a stronger, positive correlation (0.637, p=0.0000882) in the group of control women than the group of Metabolic Syndrome women. Stronger, negative correlation (-0.517, p=0.00242) was also found between the average kilocalories burnt off per hour and the total time in sedentary bouts in the control group of women. The Metabolic Syndrome group have a significantly (p\u3c0.05) diminished arterial conductance in the brachial artery during handgrip conductance from rest to peak (1.5 watts). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that individuals who sustain longer sedentary periods in their daily activity, such as Metabolic Syndrome women, have higher peripheral stiffness. The increase in peripheral arterial stiffness would indicate a significant rational for the mechanisms responsible for the vascular response deficit in Metabolic Syndrome participants during the small muscle exercise. Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medicine Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103451

Insulin Sensitivity Effects on Peripheral Vascular Responses to FMD in Metabolic Syndrome Women.

Sedentary populations with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) have presented with impaired vascular dysfunction, including vasodilation reduced 40-50%. The mechanisms of vascular endothelial dysfunction has also been associated to the bioavailability of nitric oxide levels and in metabolic compromised individuals the diminished content of endothelial NO are a prime mechanistic target for study. PURPOSE: We hypothesize that decreased reactive hyperemia observed in MetSyn compared to age matched-control patients are primarily due to mechanistic dysfunction of the eNOS pathway and lower Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI). METHODS: 30 participants (10 MetSyn and 20 Controls) completed brachial FMD testing and vascular changes were recorded using Doppler ultrasound with a linear vascular probe. A blood pressure cuff was placed on the upper forearm and upper calf for analysis of brachial and popliteal arteries sheer rate and reactive hyperemia. Images were analyzed with Brachial Analyzer software and sheer rate calculated by digital recordings of blood velocity with a digital auditory transducer recordings with a BIOPAC 150 system and AcqKnowlege software. Insulin sensitivity index was assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test with fasting and post-prandal glucose measured with a glucometer and insulin measured by a Human Insulin ELISA kit (Cayman Chemical). The resting bioavailability of Nitric Oxide assessed by Nitrate/Nitrite ELISA assay and NO EPR spectroscopy measurements. RESULTS: In the brachial arteries there is significant differences (PCONCLUSION: We predict that the significant deficiencies observed between the control and MetSyn group may be explained by the vascular mechanisms of developing deficits associated with the metabolic deficiencies. A postulated mechanism of this endothelial dysfunction during insulin resistance begins with the decreased sensitivity of the insulin receptor preventing the effect of insulin and the AKT/PKB eNOS pathway. Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medicine Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103451

The Effect of Acute Consumption of Overtime Essential Amino Acids Sports Drink on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in the Older Sedentary Population

Essential amino acids are necessary for nutrition whether obtained by digestion of proteins or by oral supplementation of amino acids. The elderly experience loss of skeletal muscles and decrease in their strength and function, which can lead to poor quality of life. Increased quantity and quality of proteins stimulates muscle protein synthesis that can help combat this natural aging process. Purpose: The aim of this study was to see if consumption of essential amino acid drink high concentrations of leucin (2040 mg/serving) during exercise will attenuate the condition of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in the elderly. Also, we aimed to assess the degree of muscle flexibility and endurance followed the three-day exercise protocol. We hypothesized that the older participants acutely ingesting the essential amino acid supplement during the exercise regime will have increased physical performance and diminished symptoms of DOMS. Methods: In this study, 16 participants (6 P, 10 EAA-O) completed a health screening visit and an exercise routine (sit, stretch and reach, shoulder flexibility distance, MVC isometric handgrip, push-ups (reps), flexed arm hang (time), cable triceps extension (50% of one repetition max until failure), and a 1.5-mile run, with intermittent consumption of the sports drink) for three consecutive days. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the EAA-O group (6.6g of EAA-O + Gatorade) or the control group (Gatorade-only). The study design is a double blinded study as neither the recording analysis researchers nor study participants were aware of the assigned group. Results: The EAA-O group improved significantly from day one to two in flexed arm hang (p = 0.036) and the 1.5-mile run (p = 0.040). The EAA-O group improved significantly from day two to three in push-ups (p = 0.002), flexed arm hang (p = 0.035), and 1.5-mile run (0.001). The EAA-O group improved significantly from day one to three in push-ups (p = 0.045), flexed arm hang (p = 0.006), 1.5-mile run (p = 0.0003), and the top speed (p = 0.026). The placebo group did not improve significantly in any of the exercise parameters. Conclusions: Results suggest that the Overtime essential amino acid supplementation combined with training improves overall athletic performance in the older sedentary population. Research reported in this publication was supported by a research contract with Calwood Nutritionals and was approved by the ENMU IRB

Dynamic Graded Muscle Exercise in Sedentary Metabolic Syndrome Women; Effects on Cardiac Workload

Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) individuals presented declining sensitivity to insulin (p=.0201) as calculated by insulin sensitivity index (ISI-60) measurement. The young women categorized as MetSyn were previously found to have significantly lower (ISI-60) from healthy controls (Gomez, 2018), and had higher percent body fat (p\u3c .05), diminished HDL (p\u3c .05), and higher expenditure of Kcals (p=.04) compared to controls as measured by 7 day accelerometer. Cardiovascular modification is hypothesized to involve progressive dysfunction of the insulin mediated AKT/PKB eNOS pathway. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify if daily sedentary activity is associated with myocardial workload in the development of the metabolic disorder. We hypothesized metabolic syndrome individuals Rate Pressure Product (RPP) would be at elevated at rest and through various workloads of small muscle exercise. METHODS: We compared daily activity to heart function in order to identify possible myocardial workload, using Rate Pressure Product (RPP) between controls and MetSyn in women (RPP= HR×SBP). Dynamic graded handgrip and single leg kick exercises were used to measure any cardiovascular deficiency between MetSyn and controls. By taking SBP and HR for every workload, we identified differences in cardiac work. RESULTS: RPP values greater than 10,000 bpm/mmHg indicated an increased risk for heart disease, where metabolic syndrome group was found to have higher RPP (p=.02) indicating that their hearts work harder. We also identified that individuals with higher RPP have had more sedentary breaks as measured by accelerometer R=.396, p=.0227, n=33. For Handgrip workloads there was a significant increase of RPP between Unloaded, 1Kg, 2Kg (pCONCLUSION:Metsyn individuals are experiencing higher myocardial workloads. We predict that sedentary lifestyles along with developing metabolic deficiency are responsible for the observed increased myocardial workload in MetSyn women

Vascular deficits in Native American Women with Metabolic Syndrome during Dynamic Exercise

Native Americans of the Southwest are predisposed to vascular diseases due to health disparate lifestyles influenced by diet, lack of exercise and decreased access to health care. These factors together may be responsible for the co-morbidities developed with Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome (MetSyn) which are indicators of early onset cardiovascular disease. In a previous study, we evaluated Native Americans (NA) diagnosed with MetSyn or Type II Diabetes and compared the sedentary control NA and Caucasians (CA) during vascular measurements of FMD. We found that NA Control and MetSyn groups exhibited a decrease in vascular function during rate to peak and % dilation in the popliteal artery. Based on these previous findings we also evaluated the reactive vascular changes in the brachial and femoral arteries during dynamic handgrip (DHG) and single leg knee-kick (SLKK) to measure of the same groups in the previous study. PURPOSE: We hypothesize that the NA population with MetSyn will have lower vascular responses due to underlying vascular function restrictions compared to CA of the same groups and that similarly the sedentary control NA women would have blunted blood flow responses as seen in the FMD data. METHODS: 24 NA (Control=10, MetSyn=10) and 28 CA (Control=15, MetSyn=12) completed two visits. MetSyn women identified with 3 out of 5 criteria (high triglycerides, HDLRESULTS: During DHG the CA Controls have no significantly difference conductance (ml/min/mmHg/100ml limb volume) compared the NA control or MetSyn groups. However, during SLKK the femoral artery conductance was significantly lower the CA MetSyn (0.0015+0.001) compared to the CA control (0.0036+0.0006) at the higher workload (p=0.03). The NA Controls and MetSyn were lower 0.0031+0.0001, and 0.0012+0.0008) at the peak exercise however the findings were not significant. CONCLUSION: MetSyn NA and CA exhibited significant differences in vascular conductance in the limbs during dynamic exercise. In addition, normal healthy sedentary NA also had lower vascular conductance compared to the CA Control group indicating an ethnic difference

Nitric Oxide Bioavailability at Peak Dynamic Handgrip Exercise in Young Metabolic Syndrome Women

The bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to contribute to vascular function during peak exercise. Young women with Metabolic Syndrome (MetSyn) have presented with a deficit in vascular conductance during exercise hyperemia. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to measure changes in bioavailable blood NO levels at rest and during peak handgrip exercise to determine the mechanistic role of NO on dynamic vascular conductance in women with MetSyn compared to healthy controls during small muscle exercise. METHODS: In this study, 16 participants (7 MetSyn and 9 Controls) performed graded dynamic handgrip while beat-to-beat blood pressure (CNAP finger plethysmography), brachial artery diameter and blood flow with Doppler ultrasound and B-mode imaging were measured continuously. Exercise workload was increased in a ramp fashion (0.5 kg/min) at 30 contraction/min until task. At rest and immediately upon task failure, a venipuncture was performed to take rest and peak venous NO levels to be later measured by EPR Spectroscopy (Bruker Biospin EleXsys-II E-540 EPR L-band) at the UNM Health Science Center and Colorimetric Nitrate/Nitrite commercial ELISA kit. Whole blood was drawn into a prepared vacutainer in a 1:1 venous blood with deferoxamine (DF) chelator, in diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) Krebs buffer. Plasma was preserved with EDTA and all samples were immediately flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 degrees Celsius. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in resting NO values (p=0.034) and end NO concentration values (p=0.053) between MetSyn and control groups. However, the MetSyn showed higher resting and peak NO values than control group as measured by ELISA. The change in plasma NO did not show any significant changes from rest to peak exercise in both groups (MetSyn p=0.757, control p=0.562). However, EPR indicated a significance between rest and peak exercise (p\u3c0.05). There was no significant change in NO between the groups (p=0.633). The MetSyn group has a significantly diminished arterial conductance in the brachial artery during handgrip as well as an attenuated response in the femoral artery during dynamic leg kick. CONCLUSION: The colorimetric nitrate/nitrite ELISA did not prove to be a sensitive enough technique to measure the degree of change of NO concentrations at peak exercise. The whole blood EPR technique in our laboratory is a more robust signal for identifying these changes in a wider range of concentrations between rest and peak. Future projects include an expansion of the standard curve for NO EPR to identify the potential differences at rest between the two research groups as well as to identify any health disparate differences between the regional populations of New Mexico and West Texas. Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medicine Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103451

ATTITUDES OF MEDICAL SPECIALISTS TOWARD HBV, HCV OR HIV INFECTED SURGICAL STAFF AND A SERO-SURVEY AMONG STAFF MEMBERS

Background: Issues regarding the transmission of blood-borne viruses from infected medical personnel to patients are controversial to both parties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitudes towards disclosure of HBV/HCV/HIV-infected surgeons and the possibility of being forced to give up surgical procedures, as well as to assess the prevalence of anti-HBc total, HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV in surgical staff. Material and Methods: Using an anonymous questionnaire a cross-sectional sero-survey was conducted among surgeons and nurses of surgical wards in 16 randomly selected hospitals, Western Pomerania, Poland, from January to June 2009. Serum samples were tested for anti-HBc, HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV by ELISA tests. Results: In the group of 427 participants (232 nurses, 65 doctors; a median age: 42 years), anti-HBc was found in 16.6%, HBsAg in 0.7%, anti-HCV in 1.4% and anti-HIV in 0%. The risk of a single exposure to HBV was correctly defined by 26.5% of participants, to HCV by 19.7%, to HIV by 18.7%. 16.2% participants stated that infected surgeons should disclose their HBV, HCV, or HIV serostatus, 39.8% and 42.6% that those HBV/HCV-infected and HIV-infected, respectively, should discontinue practicing surgery. Participants who correctly assessed the risk of contracting HIV/HBV/HCV after a single exposure were significantly (p = 0.0001; p = 0.03; p = 0.01, respectively) less likely to favor infected staff being forced to discontinue surgical procedures. Conclusions: A fraction of surgical staff showed detectable markers of HBV/HCV infection, they may be a source of infection for operated patients. Surgical staff's knowledge about occupational blood exposure risk was not satisfactory, which might have influenced the restrictive attitudes to force those infected with HBV/HCV/HIV to give up surgical procedures and a willingness to disclose their serological status. Med Pr 2013;64(5):639–64

Baseline and Post-concussive Neurocognitive and Physiological Assessments in Minor Student Athletes

BACKGROUND: There is a higher risk of post-concussion syndrome among minor athletes. This has resulted in The Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), which is currently the primary test for collegiate and high school athletes for concussion assessment and return to play. Previous work from our lab has indicated a significant detection of cognitive deficit with a battery of cognitive testing including the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) and dual task testing incorporating balance testing along with the Stroop and number recall. In the previous findings these tests identified cognitive decline including reaction time and fine motor deficiencies either not tested by the ImPACT or determined non-deficient in the Post-concussive participants already determined fit to return to play. However the results from the ImPACT are variable and may not be sensitive enough to detect the same abnormalities in younger minor patients. PURPOSE: To determine whether there is a significant difference in neurocognitive function between prepubescent and pubescent minor students age 10-18 during our battery of cognitive testing and if there is a greater decline in function in young minor athletes. Additionally we aimed to compare baseline and post-concussed minors in order to determine whether mild traumatic brain injury causes a change in neurocognitive abilities. METHODS: Participants were asked to perform the measurements of the SCAT 3, the dual task Stroop, Minnesota Spatial Recognition (MSR) test, the Perdue Peg Board (PPB), a Reaction Time test (RTT) using a weighted dowel, and the administration of the TOVA to assess the Attention Comparison Score: a composite cutoff score comparing the subject’s performance to a study of independently diagnosed ADHD individual. RESULTS: Significant declines between the minor concussed and controls were found in the incorrect answers during the Stroop and the follow-up balanced dual task Stroop, Hopkins Verbal Learning Task, dominant right hand RTT, and MSR time and increasing errors for both hands. When comparing the pubescent and pre-pubescent boys control groups there is a significant negative scoring in pre-pubescent scores on left had RTT, Stroop errors, PPB mistakes, MSR mistakes and time, Dual-task Stroop balance error and number balance correction foot taps. Finally, the TOVA Attention Comparison Score in the concussed versus non-concussed minors indicates a significant difference with the concussed indicating symptoms of moderate ADHD. CONCLUSION: The complexities of a large cognitive battery for assessing concussive symptoms for return to play protocols for the minor athletes have been shown in the results from this study. As hypothesized the hour long battery indicates a broad area of significant identification markers of neurocognitive and neurophysiological dysfunction compared to non-concussed. The tests also reveal the difficulties in assessing concussive symptoms in minor athletes as there are a large number of differences in the battery between pre-pubescent and pubescent children

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Attenuation by Acute Consumption of Essential Amino Acids

BACKGROUND: Essential amino acids have been known to be necessary for protein nutrition whether they are obtained by eating proteins or by a formula of the essential amino acids. Studies have consistently demonstrated the acute benefits of protein supplementation on post-exercise muscle anabolism, which may facilitate the recovery of muscle function and performance. However, when protein supplements have been provided in research studies, acute changes in post-exercise protein synthesis and anabolic intracellular signaling have not resulted in measureable reductions in muscle damage and enhanced recovery of muscle function. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to implement a specific content of essential amino acid supplements combined with a resistance and aerobic exercise routine and quantify the difference in strength, endurance and flexibility, during the time commonly associated with delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), between the first and last days of exercise. METHODS: In this study, 24 participants (12 EAA and 12 Controls) completed an exercise routine (sit and reach, shoulder flexibility distance, Maximum Voluntary Contraction Isometric Handgrip, 20 meters sprint (timed), push-ups (reps), 5 minutes rest (¼ bottle consumption of drink), chin-ups (reps) or flexed arm hang (time), 5 minutes rest (¼ bottle consumption of drink), dips (rep), 10 minute rest (¼ bottle consumption of drink), and a 1.5 mile run) for three consecutive days. At the end of first and last exercise visit, a venipuncture was performed to measure Creatine Kinase levels to be later measured by a commercial ELISA kit. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the EAA (6.6g) per day (EAA + Gatorade) group or the control (Gatorade) group. The study design is a double blind as neither the recording analysis researchers or study participants were aware of the assigned group. RESULTS: Both groups maintained the initial flexibility respectively throughout the three days of exercise. However, the EAA group randomly was more flexible (p\u3e0.05 Sit and Reach) at the first visit. For the resistance/power activities, the EAA group improved over the three day in the repetitions for push-ups and dips compared to the controls and from day 1. The control group had no significant change from day 1 to 3 in dips and chin-ups. The EAA group was faster in the 20-meter sprint and 1.5 mile run on the last day of exercise compared to the first while the control group was slower ; however, both group’s changes were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The EAA group had an improvement over the three days of exercise compared to the placebo group. The data given in the results supports the initial claim that acute ingestion of this amino acid supplement provides increased athletic performance in sedentary participants as well as decreases the DOMS symptoms accompanied with the commencement of a new exercise regime. Research reported in this publication was supported by a research contract with Calwood Nutritionals