Меры по уменьшению стука в газовом двигателе внутреннего сгорания

Studies on the influence of applying various technologies for combustion knock reduction have been presented in the paper. Among others, investigation concerning the following: overexpanded cycle, variable valve timing, internal and exhaust gas recirculation, leaning the combustible mixture and cooling the incylinder charge were of the interest. The research works were focused on impact of these technologies on both knock intensity reduction, and engine performance and toxic emissions. Results presented in the paper were coming from experimental investigation based on incylinder combustion pressure data acquisition. Additionally, knock intensity calculation methods were discussed. They are based on incylinder combustion pressure pulsations. Combustion knock intensity expressed by the maximum peak of the in cylinder pressure pulsations shows a strong negative correlation with both the EGR ratio and relative equivalence ratio – lambda. With respect to a catalytic converter installed on the exhaust pipe line, applying EGR appears as better solution for knock reduction then leaning the combustible mixture because the catalytic converter needs stoichiometric mixture for effective NOx reduction. Furthermore, application of the overexpanded cycle to the hydrogen or coke gas fueled IC engine significantly reduces intensity of potential knock by 50 % in comparison to Otto cycle for all loads. Additionally, overexpanded cycle contributes to increase in engine thermal efficiency. Summing up, all the presented measures and technologies can be successfully implemented into practice in stationary engines as well as in traction engines, both of them working on either natural gas or gaseous renewable fuels

Меры по уменьшению стука в газовом двигателе внутреннего сгорания

Studies on the influence of applying various technologies for combustion knock reduction have been presented in the paper. Among others, investigation concerning the following: over-expanded cycle, variable valve timing, internal and exhaust gas recirculation, leaning the combustible mixture and cooling the in-cylinder charge were of the interest. The research works were focused on impact of these technologies on both knock intensity reduction, and engine performance and toxic emissions. Results presented in the paper were coming from experimental investigation based on in-cylinder combustion pressure data acquisition. Additionally, knock intensity calculation methods were discussed. They are based on incylinder combustion pressure pulsations. Combustion knock intensity expressed by the maximum peak of the incylinder pressure pulsations shows a strong negative correlation with both the EGR ratio and relative equivalence ratio – lambda. With respect to a catalytic converter installed on the exhaust pipe line, applying EGR appears as better solution for knock reduction then leaning the combustible mixture because the catalytic converter needs stoichiometric mixture for effective NOx reduction. Furthermore, application of the over-expanded cycle to the hydrogen or coke gas fueled IC engine significantly reduces intensity of potential knock by 50 % in comparison to Otto cycle for all loads. Additionally, over-expanded cycle contributes to increase in engine thermal efficiency. Summing up, all the presented measures and technologies can be successfully implemented into practice in stationary engines as well as in traction engines, both of them working on either natural gas or gaseous renewable fuels.В статье изучается влияние различных технологий на уменьшение детонации при сгорании. Среди рассматриваемых вопросов следует упомянуть следующие: сверхрасширенный цикл, регулируемые фазы газораспределения, внутренняя рециркуляция и рециркуляция отработанных газов, обеднение горючей смеси и охлаждение заряда в цилиндре. Исследования направлены на изучение влияния используемых технологий на снижение интенсивности детонации, вредных выбросов и работу двигателя. Результаты испытаний получены в ходе экспериментальных исследований, основанных на сборе данных о давлении сгорания в цилиндрах. Кроме того, изучались методы расчета интенсивности детонации. Эти методы основаны на пульсациях давления сгорания в цилиндрах. Интенсивность детонации сгорания, выраженная максимальным пиком пульсаций давления в цилиндре, показывает отрицательную корреляцию с отношением как рециркуляции отработанных газов, так и с отношением относительной эквивалентности – лямбда. Что касается каталитического нейтрализатора, установленного на линии выхлопной трубы, применение рециркуляции отработанных газов представляется лучшим решением для уменьшения детонации с последующим обеднением горючей смеси, поскольку каталитическому нейтрализатору требуется стехиометрическая смесь для эффективного подавления окислов азота. При этом применение чрезмерно расширенного цикла к двигателю внутреннего сгорания, работающему на водороде или коксовом газе, снижает интенсивность потенциальной детонации на 50 % по сравнению с циклом Отто при всех нагрузках. Кроме всего прочего, чрезмерно расширенный цикл способствует увеличению теплового коэффициента полезного действия двигателя. Обобщая результаты исследований, можно сказать, что все предложенные меры и технологии могут быть успешно реализованы на практике в стационарных двигателях, а также в тяговых двигателях, работающих на природном газе или газообразном возобновляемом топливе

Comparative Analysis of Injection of Pyrolysis Oil from Plastics and Gasoline into the Engine Cylinder and Atomization by a Direct High-Pressure Injector

The article discusses the results of experimental studies on the course of pyrolysis oil injection through the high-pressure injector of a direct-injection engine. The pyrolysis oil used for the tests was derived from waste plastics (mainly high-density polyethylene—HDPE). This oil was then distilled. The article also describes the production technology of this pyrolysis oil on a laboratory scale. It presents the results of the chemical composition of the raw pyrolysis oil and the oil after the distillation process using GC-MS analysis. Fuel injection tests were carried out for the distilled pyrolysis oil and a 91 RON gasoline in order to perform a comparative analysis with the tested pyrolysis oil. In this case, the research was focused on the injected spray cloud analysis. The essential tested parameter was the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of fuel droplets measured at the injection pressure of 400 bar. The analysis showed that the oil after distillation contained a significant proportion of light hydrocarbons similar to gasoline, and that the SMDs for distilled pyrolysis oil and gasoline were similar in the 7–9 µm range. In conclusion, it can be considered that distilled pyrolysis oil from HDPE can be used both as an additive for blending with gasoline in a spark-ignition engine or as a single fuel for a gasoline compression-ignition direct injection engine

Prawo autorskie i patentowe. Wybór aktów normatywnych przeznaczonych dla studentów Krakowskiej Szkoły Wyższej im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego

Przedsłowie Niniejszy wybór aktów normatywnych ma służyć jako pomoc dydaktyczna studentom uczestniczącym w zajęciach z przedmiotu „Prawo autorskie i patentowe” oraz przygotowującym się do egzaminu z tego przedmiotu. Zbiór zawiera wybrane, najważniejsze, obowiązujące polskie ustawy lub ich części dotyczące prawa własności intelektualnej, a mianowicie ustawę o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych z 1994 r., ustawę z 2000 r. - Prawo własności przemysłowej oraz z kodeksu cywilnego 1964 r. dział: Przedsiębiorcy i ich oznaczenie, dodany do kodeksu w 2003 r. Przepisy przytoczono w brzmieniu obowiązującym w momencie przystąpienia Polski do Unii, z dniem 1 maja 2004. W zbiorze zamieszczono również część Porozumienia w sprawie handlowych aspektów praw własności intelektualnej (TRIPS) z 1994 r. Jest ono, obok pochodzących jeszcze z XIX wieku konwencji paryskiej o ochronie własności przemysłowej oraz konwencji berneńskiej o ochronie dzieł literackich i artystycznych, jedną znajważniejszych umów międzynarodowych, poświęconych ochronie własności intelektualnej. W publikacji umieszczono program wykładu „Prawo autorskie i patentowe”, aby ułatwić orientację w jego przedmiocie oraz co do zakresu wymogów podczas egzaminów. Prof. zw. dr hab. Janusz Szwaja Kraków, marzec 2004 r

Kontrakt socjalny jako narzędzie realizacji zadań pomocy społecznej (aspekty prawne)

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape

Administracyjne warunki formalnoprawne podejmowania działalności gospodarczej i zawodowej w zakresie świadczenia usług turystycznych

Artykuł recenzowany / peer-reviewed articleThe article discusses the administrative formal and legal conditions (administrative procedures) required when starting a business in order to offer services in the tourism industry. The formal and legal administrative conditions are not uniform in this respect, which can be attributed to both the lack of a common legal basis specifying the conditions for providing particular types of services in tourism, as well as to differences in the procedure of undertaking business activity. The formal and legal conditions have been specifi ed by regulations in the Act of 2 July 2004 about the freedom of business activity and in the Act of 29 August 1997 about services in the tourism industry. Assuming the criterion of the legal basis as the foundation of the division, the article discusses four different legal situations, which can occur under the current legal condition that applies to undertaking business activity in providing services for tourism. In relation to the required administrative procedure three types of business activity have been specifi ed: activity which does not require an administrative decision, activity which can be commenced after issuing an administrative decision and activity which can be undertaken on conditions other than those mentioned above

Forms of local government in relation to foster care

Artykuł recenzowany / peer-reviewed articleLocal government units are legally obliged to carry out a number of tasks in the foster care system for children. These tasks generally referred to the Family and Guardianship Code specifi es support for families and foster care system. The proper execution of these tasks requires appropriate forms of action. The paper presents: the type and form of tasks as well as and the legal action and actual actions taken in the field by the various local government units

The tasks of local governments to the crisis of the family

Artykuł recenzowany / peer-reviewed paperThe need to support the family by the state is considered as one of the fundamental principles, both by international standards, as well as national regulations. Article refers here both on the European Social Charter and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which occupies a prominent place art. 18 which states that the family is under the protection and care of the Polish Republic. In this article the author discusses the tasks of local government units and its administration in cases of family emergencies, administrative aspects of the position control, basically the limits set by the rules of bodily material and formal administrative law. The purpose of these tasks indicates that they are undertaken primarily in order to allow families to overcome diffi cult situations arising or resulting from the crisis in the family. Mark also be that these tasks are undertaken when the family alone, without the support given to her not being able to restore indicated above intrafamilial stability and balance. These tasks are undertaken within the social assistance as an instrument of social policy. Among the possible solutions I found it useful overview of the tasks to be performed legally entrusted to municipalities, counties and local government voivodship. This choice is justifi ed by the position, which in the exercise of public functions account for local self-government. Applies here, the constitutional principle of the presumption set of tasks and responsibilities of local government. Local government shall perform all public functions except those that have not been reserved by the Constitution or statutes to the organs of other public authorities. scope of the discussion has been limited to discussion of local government tasks undertaken in a crisis of relations and relations between parents and child. These tasks primarily linked with, that in emergency situations to help ensure proper care of the family and children. However, the State had expressed in these cases, especially in the judicial function of the courts in family matters and juvenile justice, law enforcement bodies actions and judicial probation service. The activities carried out in the fi eld of institutional support can be analyzed from different points of view. The items made here considerations, it seems reasonable to draw attention to three issues, namely: the nature and type of tasks assigned to local governments, form and operation of these units and their organizations and procedure

Prawo zobowiązań : materiały dydaktyczne

Do Czytelników "Oddawane w ręce Czytelników materiały dydaktyczne przygotowane zostały z myślą o studentach prawa. Prawo cywilne jest bowiem przedmiotem, którego opanowanie sprawia im zazwyczaj sporo trudności. Często programy studiów przeznaczają na nie więcej godzin zajęć dydaktycznych aniżeli na inne ważne przedmioty. Wynika to po części z obszerności materiału normatywnego, orzecznictwa i literatury, a po części z miejsca, jakie prawo cywilne, a zwłaszcza jego część ogólna i prawo zobowiązań, zajmują w kształceniu prawników. Skłania to do podejmowania starań zmierzających do ułatwienia studentom przygotowania się do wykładów i ćwiczeń oraz zaliczeń i egzaminów. Na rynku znajduje się obecnie sporo publikacji, z których można korzystać, w tym kilka dobrych, mających szereg wydań podręczników oraz komentarze do kodeksów. Jednakże, jak pokazuje doświadczenie, nie wszyscy studenci sięgają po nie dostatecznie chętnie. Niektórych odstrasza sama ich objętość. Zespół pracowników Katedry Prawa Cywilnego Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego przystąpił więc do przygotowania programu z tego przedmiotu i wypróbował go w ciągu paru lat."(...