Tropical deltas and coastal zones: food production, communities and environment at the land-water interface

Aquaculture / Fisheries / Rice / Coastal area / Cropping systems / Salinity / Food production / Food security / South East Asia / Vietnam / Philippines / Bangladesh / Thailand / India / Indonesia / Sri Lanka / West Africa / Brazil

Neurovascular unit dysfunction with blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability contributes to major depressive disorder: a review of clinical and experimental evidence

About one-third of people with major depressive disorder (MDD) fail at least two antidepressant drug trials at 1 year. Together with clinical and experimental evidence indicating that the pathophysiology of MDD is multifactorial, this observation underscores the importance of elucidating mechanisms beyond monoaminergic dysregulation that can contribute to the genesis and persistence of MDD. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are mechanistically linked to the presence of neurovascular dysfunction with blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability in selected neurological disorders, such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast to other major psychiatric disorders, MDD is frequently comorbid with such neurological disorders and constitutes an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in disorders characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus). Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are implicated in the neurobiology of MDD. More recent evidence links neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to MDD without neurological comorbidity. We review this emerging literature and present a theoretical integration between these abnormalities to those involving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in MDD. We discuss our hypothesis that alterations in endothelial nitric oxide levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling are central mechanistic links in this regard. Understanding the contribution of neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to the pathophysiology of MDD may help to identify novel therapeutic and preventative approaches

ICPC 14: what is missing?

O intuito deste estudo é levantar questionamentos sobre a Interpretação Técnica do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis 14 (ICPC 14) frente às características estatutárias das sociedades cooperativas brasileiras. Não almejamos trazer soluções definitivas, esgotando análises conceituais e alternativas de contabilização que envolvem a reclassificação das cotas de cooperados do patrimônio líquido para o passivo, mas apresentar algumas considerações sobre pontos que não estão explícitos na ICPC 14. A aplicação do conceito de ajuste a valor presente (AVP) é o principal ponto deste estudo e isso não foi levado em conta quando da elaboração da ICPC 14. A análise dos estatutos das cooperativas indica, como característica comum, a obrigatoriedade de pagamento do resgate das cotas de cooperados sempre em período superior a um ano, e isso nos leva a concluir que, para a representação fidedigna do fenômeno, torna-se necessário o reconhecimento do AVP desse passivo reclassificado.The purpose of this study is to raise questions about Technical Interpretation 14 (ICPC 14) from the Accounting Standards Committee with regards to the statutory characteristics of Brazilian cooperative societies. We do not aim to provide definitive solutions by exhausting all conceptual analyses and accounting alternatives involving the reclassification of member shares, or “quotas”, from net equity to liabilities, but rather to present some considerations with regards to points that are not explicit in ICPC 14. Applying the concept of adjustment to present value (APV) is the main point of this study, which was not taken into account when ICPC 14 was elaborated. Analysis of the statutes of cooperatives indicates, as a common characteristic, the obligation to always pay the redemption of members’ quotas in a period of more than one year, and this leads us to conclude that for a reliable representation of the phenomenon it is necessary to recognize the APV of this reclassified liability