Share of the underground runoff in covering the water use for evapotranspiration of meadows on some reclaimed peat soils

The respective investigations were carried out in the period 1971-1983 on reclaimed, but non-irrigated peatlands situated in the Biebrza syncline on peat muck soils: - with a low mucking degree developed on deep weakly and medium decomposed sedge-moss peat defined as MtIab (Brzozowo site), - with a medium mucking degree developed on medium decomposed tall-sedge peat defined as MtIIbb. The investigations comprised systematic measurements of the moisture content and ground water levels as well as water balance elements with the use of lysimeters with closed bottom, in which the same sward and ground water level as on the ambient area were maintained. Also peatland surface movements were measured for a correctdetermination of ground water reserves of the site. It has been assumed that the amount of added water to maintain the same ground water level as in the ambient area, would constitute an additional feeding from the saturated zone (qd) taking place at the cost of underground runoff (qd) and the pulsation retention occurrence (r). It has been found that in years with precipitation amounts lower than the average, including very dry ones (1971, 1982, 1983) at a free water outflow in ditches on both sites a high (Toczyłowo I - MtIIbb) or very high (Brzozowo - MtIab) moisture content maintained, whereas the ground water levels did not drop deeper than 100-110 cm. Under thesee conditions the additional feeding from the saturated zone from qd = 100 mm to qd = 275 mm depending on the amount of water used for evapotranspiration and on the atmospheric drought intensity. Feeding of the site at the cost of underground runoff calculated from the balance equation (2) in very dry years 1982 and 1983 ranged within 92-260 mm. It was lower on the site of MtIab with higher pulsation retention and lower water use for evapotranspiration (weakly-yielding meadow) than on the site of MtIIbb with lower swelling retention and much higher water use for evapotranspiration (highly-ielding meadow).Соответствующие исследования проводились в пиериод 1971-1983 rr.на мелиорированных, но неорошаемых торфяниках қотлине Бебҗи на торфяно-муршевой почве : - c малой степенью обмуршения образованной и в средней степени разложенном мелкоосоковом как MtIab (Бжозово) - обмуршелой в средней степени, образованной на крупноосоковом торфе со средней степенью разложения, глубоком, определяемым как MtIIbb. Исследования охватывали систематические измерения увлажнения и уровней залегания грунтовой воды, а также элементов водного баланса при помощи лизиметров с закрытым дном, в которых удерживали такой же травостой и глубину залегания грунтовой воды, как на окружающей площади. Измеряли также движения поверхности торфяника с целью правильного определения изменений в ресурсах грунтовой воды местообитания. Принято, что количество прилитой воды с целью удержания в лизиметрах такого же уровня грунтовой воды, как на окружающей площади равно дополнительному питанию из насыщенной зоны (qd) ocуществляемому в результате питания грунтовым стоком (qd) выступания ретенйии пульсации (.г). Установлено, что в годы с осадками ниже средних, в том числе очень сухие годы (1971, 1982, 1983), при свободном притоке воды канавами на обоих местообитаниях удерживалось постоянно высокое (Точило- во X, MtIIbb), или очень высокое (Бжозово, MtIab) увлажнение, а уровни грунтовой воды никогда не падали глубже, чем до 100-110 см. В этих условиях дополнительное питание из насыщенной зоны колебалось от qd= 100 мм до qd= 275 мм, в зависимости от величины потребления воды на эвапотранспирацию и интенсивности атмосферной засухи. Питание местообитания грунтовым притоком было исчислено на основании балансного уравнения (2) в очень засушливых годах 1982 и 1983. Оно колебалось в пределах 92-260 мм, будучи ниже на почве MtIab с высшей ретенцией пульсации и более низком потреблении воды на эвапотранспирацию (низкоурожайный луг), чем на почве MtIIbb с более низкой ретенцией набухания и гораздо более высоким потреблением воды на эвапотранспирацию (высокоурожайный луг)

Zasady postępowania z dziećmi pozbawionymi opieki w procedurach azylowych – kilka uwag na tle zalecanego standardu międzynarodowego

Children separated from their families who are seeking international protection are in a threefold jeopardize: as minors, as refugees, and as persons deprived of their protectors. They need prompt and comprehensive protection not only during asylum procedures but also in all aspects of life normally provided by parents, such as but not being limited to: shelter, food, medical care and education. This article aims to examine and evaluate the recommendations and guidelines pertinent to the unaccompanied children as adopted at international level by the international organizations (UN with special regard to UNHCR and UNICEF, the Council of Europe and the European Union), intergovernmental organization (the International Committee of the Red Cross) and specialized NGOs (eg. Save the Children) and, subsequently, to reconstruct a recommended standard of treatment of the separated children in the course of asylum proceedings. The result of said examination and evaluation are model rules of treatment of separated minor aliens applying for a refugee status in the European countries. It encompasses the following provisions: 1) adoption of sufficiently wide and flexible interpretation of prerequisites required for being granted a refugee status, with special regard to additional factors such as age and special forms of child prosecution; 2) appointment of a legal representative for a separated child in asylum procedure; 3) adoption of appropriate hearing procedures suitable for age of the applicant; 4) introduction of facilitations in asylum proceedings and liberalization of the evidence requirements, including the principle of the benefit of doubt; 5) assertion of an effective right to participate in asylum procedure; 6) to prioritize the applications regarding the separated children; 7) a proper training of persons dealing with the separated children seeking international protection and their applications. The review of the laws and practice of the European countries enables the Author to indicate the main problems with implementation of the international standard of treatment of the separated children and to assess the relevant provisions of the amended Act of 13 June 2003 on granting protection to aliens within the territory of the Republic of Poland

Zasady i sposoby regulowania stosunkow wodnych w Kotlinie Kurpiowskiej

The available water resources for irrigation of grassland located in different river catchments within the Kurpiowska Valley are very limited. As the additional transfer of water from Mazurian Lakes is not possible, it is necessary to use own water resources of hydrogenic soils with relatively high soil water retention by application of so-called “regulated outflow method”. Application of such a method requires reconstruction of drainage-subirrigation systems, its proper operation and maintenance

The quality of pedestrian space in the city: a case study of Olsztyn

The system of pedestrian urban space is the primary source of information on the state of the space. Walking around a city, we are perceptually building in our mind its physiognomic silhouette, which becomes the basis for evaluating the attractiveness of a city. Unfortunately, pedestrian traffic is rarely the subject of careful planning and design. Usually it regulates itself or is a side-effect of building an extensive system of road communication. On the other hand, concepts of shaping this system as a primary one appear more and more often, and pedestrian space is seen as high priority public space

The question of protection of cultural property during warfare in territories controlled by non-State armed groups

Uniwersalny charakter ochrony dóbr kulturalnych podczas działań wojennych, odzwierciedlony w postanowieniach Konwencji haskiej z 1954 roku dotyczącej ochrony tych dóbr w razie konfliktu zbrojnego oraz w innych umowach międzynarodowych z zakresu prawa humanitarnego, oznacza nie tylko zobowiązania o powszechnym zasięgu, lecz także wymagania ciążące na każdej ze stron konfliktu – zarówno na państwach, jak i na niepaństwowych grupach zbrojnych. Jest to o tyle istotne, iż obecnie wiele ważnych dóbr i obiektów kulturalnych znajduje się na obszarach kontrolowanych przez takie grupy. Niestety, dziedzictwo kultury często staje się przedmiotem celowych ataków przeprowadzanych przez zbrojne podmioty niepaństwowe. Niszczenie dziedzictwa kultury może być związane z próbą przejęcia pełnej kontroli nad określoną grupą etniczną lub religijną, wymazania różnorodności kulturowej na danym obszarze bądź usunięcia wszelkich związków danej społeczności z jej przeszłością. Realizując zatem przyjętą politykę lub metodę prowadzenia działań wojennych, wspomniane podmioty angażują się w działania nastawione na destrukcję i grabież dóbr kultury. Niepaństwowe grupy zbrojne nie stanowią jednak monolitu, jeśli chodzi o ich postawę wobec dziedzictwa kultury. Obok grup, które charakteryzuje „podejście destrukcyjne”, istnieją również ugrupowania, które starają się wypełniać ciążące na nich obowiązki w zakresie poszanowania dóbr kulturalnych (np. walczą z nielegalnym handlem dziełami sztuki czy chronią stanowiska archeologiczne), choć bywa, że w przypadku działań zbrojnych ich taktyka wojskowa i nieznajomość standardów prawnych może narazić te dobra na niezamierzone, przypadkowe straty i szkody.The universal nature of the protection of cultural property during warfare, as reflected in the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, and in other international treaties in the field of humanitarian law, implies not only universal obligations, but also requirements imposed on each of parties to the conflict – both States and non-State armed groups. This fact is crucial because nowadays many valuable cultural property and artifacts are located in areas controlled by such groups. Unfortunately, cultural heritage is often the target of deliberate attacks by armed non-State actors. Destruction of cultural heritage may be an attempt to take full control over a specific ethnic or religious group, to erase cultural diversity in a given area, or to remove all links between certain community and its past. Thus, by implementing adopted policy or method of warfare, the aforementioned actors engage in activities aimed at the destruction and plunder of cultural property. Non-State armed groups, however, are not a monolith when it comes to their attitude towards cultural heritage. Apart from groups characterized by a “destructive approach”, there are also groups that try to fulfil their obligations in terms of respect for cultural property (e.g. by combating illicit trafficking in works of art or protecting archaeological sites), although sometimes it may happen that in the case of military operations their military tactics and ignorance of legal standards can expose these objects to unintended, accidental losses and damages

ISSN 1732-4254 quarterly BULLETIN OF GEOGRAPHY. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERIES G The quality of pedestrian space in the city: a case study of Olsztyn

Abstract. The system of pedestrian urban space is the primary source of information on the state of the space. Walking around a city, we are perceptually building in our mind its physiognomic silhouette, which becomes the basis for evaluating the attractiveness of a city. Unfortunately, pedestrian traffic is rarely the subject of careful planning and design. Usually it regulates itself or is a side-effect of building an extensive system of road communication. On the other hand, concepts of shaping this system as a primary one appear more and more often, and pedestrian space is seen as high priority public space. The purpose of the article was to evaluate qualitative evaluation methods determining the current state of pedestrian pathways in the town Giżycko. Valuing quality, as a part of the science called qualimetrics, refers to determining the quality of objects which are the product of human activities, designed to meet the needs of human beings. At the root, it is a science relating to the determination of the quality of market items, supporting the production management process. As space, particularly urbanized, is created by people to satisfy their needs, it was concluded that quality valuation methods may also be useful to assess the quality of space. The article focuses on the quality of pedestrian routes that are essential to the central part of Giżycko. For these routes, the current state of the features identified as key for their quality was investigated, and quality classes of the routes were determined by analysis. The procedure can be a tool supporting the planning and implementation of modernization and renovation works for the area of pedestrian communication, and thus the image of the city

Exploitation of natural reseources in the 21st century

Indeksx, 296 hlm. ; 24 cm

The Use of the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) Database for Analyzing Urban Sprawl

Urban sprawl is generally defined as the urbanization of space adjacent to a city, which results from that city’s development. The discussed phenomenon involves land development, mainly agricultural land, in the proximity of cities, the development of infrastructure, and an increase in the number of residents who rely on urban services and commute to work in the city. Urban sprawl generates numerous problems which, in the broadest sense, result from the difficulty in identifying the boundaries of the central urban unit and the participation of local inhabitants, regardless of their actual place of residence, in that unit’s functional costs. These problems are associated not only with tax collection rights but with difficulties in measuring the extent of urban sprawl in research and local governance. The aim of this study was to analyze the applicability of the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) database for monitoring urbanization processes, including the dynamic process of urban sprawl. Polish cities with county rights, i.e., cities that implement independent spatial planning policies, were analyzed in the study to determine the pattern of urban sprawl in various types of cities. Buffer zones composed of municipalities that are directly adjacent to the central urban unit were mapped around the analyzed cities. The study proposes a novel method for measuring the extent of suburbanization with the use of the CLC database and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. The developed method relies on the overgrowth of urbanization (OU) index calculated based on CLC data. The OU index revealed differences in the rate of urbanization in three groups of differently sized Polish cities. The analysis covered two periods: 2006–2012 and 2012–2018, and it revealed that urban sprawl in the examined cities proceeded in an unstable manner over time. The results of the present study indicate that the CLC database is a reliable source of information about urbanization processes