The role and importance of gene polymorphisms in the development of atherosclerosis

The development of atherosclerosis is a multifactorial process. The purpose of the study was to examine three genetic polymorphisms playing a role in the metabolic processes underlying the disease. We compared the data of 348 atherosclerotic non-diabetic patients with 260 atherosclerotic diabetic patients and 384 healthy controls. We analyzed the prevalence of myocardial infarction and stroke in three different groups of patients carrying different polymorphisms. It was proved that if the mutant TT eNOS Glu298ASP variant is present, a significantly higher number of myocardial infarctions can be observed than in patients carrying heterozygote GT or normal GG genotype. We proved that in the case of MTHFR 677CT heterozygote variants, the occurrence of myocardial infarction is significantly higher and the difference is also significant in case of the 677TT homozygote variant. It was verified that among patients with the mutant TNF-α AA genotype the occurrence of cardiovascular events was significantly higher. Screening the genetically high risk groups on the long run should be considered as an early detection opportunity that may give better chances for prevention and treatment. Understanding the inflammatory mechanisms of the atherosclerosis may give new therapeutical targets to pharmacologists

A historical chronology of teaching physiological sciences to medical students in Hungary

Starting from the second half of the 18 th century, a brief chronology of teaching medical physiology and pathophysiology in Hungary is given in this article. Even when the major milestones of this history are only identified, one can recognize several significant achivements that may inspire the present and coming generations to develope and enrich this inheritance of high values. These achivements involve - inter alia - influential scientific “schools” founded by eminent professors, outstanding institutions of basic medicine, recognition of the relevance of the integrative approach in medical education, close relationship between teaching and scientific research, high-standard theoretical and practical training, teaching based on excellent domestic and foreign textbooks, extensive international relationships and experience

Flow-induced constriction in arterioles of hyperhomocysteinemic rats is due to impaired nitric oxide and enhanced thromboxane A(2) mediation.

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is thought to promote arteriosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease, in part by impairing the function of endothelium. Because flow-induced dilation is mediated by the endothelium, we hypothesized that HHcy alters this response by interfering with the synthesis/action of NO and prostaglandins. Thus, changes in the diameter of isolated, pressurized (at 80 mm Hg) gracilis skeletal muscle arterioles (diameter approximately 170 microm) from control and methionine diet-induced HHcy rats were investigated with videomicroscopy. Increases in intraluminal flow (from 0 to 25 microL/min) resulted in dilations of control arterioles (maximum, 34+/-4 microm). In contrast, increases in flow elicited constrictions of HHcy arterioles (-36+/-3 microm). In control arterioles, the NO synthase inhibitor N:(omega)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester significantly attenuated (approximately 50%) dilation, whereas the additional administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, eliminated flow-induced dilation. In the arterioles of HHcy rats, flow-induced constriction was not affected by N:(omega)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester, whereas it was abolished by indomethacin or the prostaglandin H(2)/thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 or the TXA(2) synthase inhibitor CGS 13,080. Thus, in HHcy, increases in intraluminal flow elicit constrictions of skeletal muscle arterioles due to the impaired NO and enhanced TXA(2) mediation of the response, alterations that likely contribute to the development of peripheral arterial disease

Simultaneously increased TxA(2) activity in isolated arterioles and platelets of rats with hyperhomocysteinemia.

We aimed to elucidate the effect of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) on the synthesis of prostaglandins in rat skeletal muscle arterioles and platelets. Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: (1) control rats, with plasma Hcy levels of 6.5+/-0.5 micromol/L (n=50) and (2) rats with HHcy, induced by daily intake of 1 g/kg body weight methionine in the drinking water for 4 weeks (plasma Hcy levels were 20.6+/-3.0 micromol/L, P<0.01 versus controls; n=50). Arterioles (diameter approximately 130 micrometer) were isolated from the gracilis muscle, cannulated, and pressurized (at 80 mm Hg), and changes in their diameters were followed by video microscopy. Constrictions to bradykinin (BK; 10(-10) to 10(-7) mol/L) were significantly greater in HHcy than in control rat arterioles (at 10(-9) mol/L BK, changes were 11+/-3% in control and 41+/-9% in HHcy rats). The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10(-5) mol/L), the prostaglandin H(2)/thromboxane A(2) (PGH(2)/TxA(2)) receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 (10(-6) mol/L), or the TxA(2) synthase inhibitor furegrelate (5x10(-6) mol/L) significantly decreased constrictions to BK in both groups but more so in HHcy arterioles, thus eliminating the difference between responses of HHcy and control arterioles. Constrictions to U46619 (a TxA(2) analogue) were significantly greater in HHcy than in control arterioles (at 10(-8) mol/L U46619, values for controls were 33+/-2% and 54+/-3% for HHcy). Endothelium removal or indomethacin treatment attenuated constrictions to U46619 in HHcy arterioles and eliminated the difference in responses. Also, aggregation of platelets from HHcy rats to collagen and ADP was significantly enhanced compared with controls (with 5 microgram/mL collagen: controls, 23+/-5%; HHcy, 49+/-5%; with 10(-7) mol/L ADP: controls, 25+/-3%; HHcy, 35+/-3%). Indomethacin or SQ 29,548 caused greater inhibition of aggregation of HHcy platelets compared with controls, thereby eliminating the differences between the 2 groups. Thus, HHcy enhances TxA(2) synthesis both in the arteriolar endothelium and platelets. By promoting vascular constriction and platelet aggregation simultaneously, these alterations are likely to contribute to the atherothrombotic vascular diseases described in HHcy