Old Dilemmas, New Guises: Developing an Anti-Subordination Reading of \u3ci\u3eStudents For Fair Admissions v. Harvard\u3c/i\u3e

In 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court will again hear arguments on the constitutionality of race-conscious affirmative action in college admissions. This outcome was far from foretold: the late Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg had suggested the Court might never take up affirmative action in admissions again. Yet after dragging its feet on granting certiorari, the Court agreed to hear Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA) v. Harvard. This time, however, the case has a substantially different and quite controversial posture. That posture centers on alleged discrimination against Asian and Pacific American (APA) students applying to college. Some APA students are divided on affirmative action. Going all the way back to the Court’s door-opening decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the relationship between APA students and affirmative action has been questioned. The proponents of affirmative action plans often have not produced compelling answers. Some scholars suggest that the issue may be intractable under current doctrine, as APA applicants do not neatly fit into either the “diversity” interest adopted in Grutter v. Bollinger, nor the “remedy for societal discrimination” interest generally rejected by the Court. Growing hostility and violence against APAs in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic only bolsters the gravity of the case, as this hostility exhibits the deeply rooted and lingering discrimination from which APA communities still suffer. This Comment proceeds in three parts. Part I sets forth relevant history as to the U.S. government’s targeting of APAs and the relevant law governing policies that consider race in university admissions. Part II examines a central tension in equal protection jurisprudence between the “anti- subordination” principle and the “anti-classification” principle. Part III argues that grounding the university’s compelling interest in diversity in anti- subordination values would revitalize race-based affirmative action in higher education admissions while also advancing the interests of APA students

Measurement of atmospheric elemental carbon: Real-time data for Los Angeles during summer 1987

Two fundamentally different techniques for measuring atmospheric elemental carbon (EC) aerosol were compared to validate the methods. One technique, photoacoustic spectroscopy, was used to measure the optical absorption ([lambda] = 514.5 nm) of in situ atmospheric aerosol in real time. This optical absorption can be converted to EC concentration using the appropriate value of the absorption cross-section for C, so that a comparison could be made with the second technique, thermal-optical analysis of filter-collected samples, which measures the collected EC by combustion. Solvent extraction of the filter samples prior to the thermal analysis procedure was required to minimize errors due to pyrolysis of organic carbon. Excellent 1:1 correlation of atmospheric EC concentrations resulted for measurements by the photoacoustic method vs the thermal method over coincident sampling times. The linear regression gave y = 1.006 (+/-0.056) x+0.27 (+/-0.56) with R = 0.945 (n = 41), where y is the photoacoustic EC concentration and x is the thermal elemental carbon concentration, both in [mu]g m-3. This data set was collected in Los Angeles as part of the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) during the summer 1987, and supplements the results of an earlier, more limited data set taken in Dearborn, MI. The diurnal variability of EC aerosol in Los Angeles during SCAQS, as determined by photoacoustic spectroscopy, is discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28903/1/0000740.pd

Real-time, in situ measurements of atmospheric optical absorption in the visible via photoacoustic spectroscopy--IV. Visibility degradation and aerosol optical properties in Los Angeles

Aerosol light absorption (babs) has been measured in real-time in Los Angeles with a validated photoacoustic technique, and its impact on visibility degradation has been examined. These measurements were collected during ten days in the summer of 1987 for the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS). Aerosol babs ([lambda] = 514.5 nm) varied from an hourly average value of 7 x 10-6 m-1 in the 3-4 and 4-5 a.m. periods of 13 July to 9 x 10-5 m-1 in the 7-8 a.m. period of both 28 August and 3 September. This babs, which is due solely to elemental carbon (EC) showed a distinct diurnal pattern with low values at night, increasing around sunrise to higher values through mid-afternoon. Comparison of these data with aerosol light scattering data clearly illustrates that the contribution of aerosol light absorption to visibility degradation increases in importance under less polluted conditions. Other urban and rural studies show similar results.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28906/1/0000743.pd

Compliance y ordenamiento canónico a la luz del c. 1284 § 2, 3º

Sumario: Introducción. I. Noción y elementos del compliance. 1. Noción de compliance. 2. Origen histórico del compliance. 3. Rendición de cuentas y compliance. 4. Entornos específicos del compliance. 4.1. Normativa de ámbito penal. 4.2. Normativa medioambiental. 4.3. Normativa tributaria. 4.4. Normativa de protección de los derechos humanos y derechos de los trabajadores. 4.5. Normativa sobre privacidad. 5. Medidas para la aplicación del compliance. 5.1. La figura del Compliance Officer. 5.1.1. Las funciones del Compliance Officer. 5.1.2. Perfil, aptitudes y requisitos esenciales del Compliance Officer. 5.1.3. Responsabilidades del Compliance Officer. 5.2. Determinación del riesgo (risk management). 5.2.1. Establecimiento del contexto. 5.2.2. Identificación de los riesgos. 5.2.3. Análisis de los riesgos. 5.2.4. Evaluación de los riesgos. 5.3. Sistemas de control del cumplimiento. 5.3.1. Procesos de control interno. 5.3.2. Procesos de control externo. II. El c. 1284 § 2, 3º del CIC de 1983 y el compliance. 1. antecedentes del c. 1284 § 2, 3º. 1.1. El c. 1523, 2º del CIC 1917. 1.2. La reforma del ordenamiento canónico en el ámbito patrimonial. 2. El proceso de elaboración del c. 1284. 2.1. Novedades en el nuevo canon 1284 § 2, 3º. 2.2. Las discusiones en torno al nuevo canon. 3. Análisis exegético del c. 1284 § 2, 3º. 3.1. Sujeto. 3.2. Objeto. 3.3. Relación con el c. 1290. 3.4. Naturaleza de la obligación del administrador. Conclusiones. Bibliografía. Índice de la tesis doctoral

Compliance y ordenamiento canónico a la luz del c. 1284 § 2, 3º

Sumario: Introducción. I. Noción y elementos del compliance. 1. Noción de compliance. 2. Origen histórico del compliance. 3. Rendición de cuentas y compliance. 4. Entornos específicos del compliance. 4.1. Normativa de ámbito penal. 4.2. Normativa medioambiental. 4.3. Normativa tributaria. 4.4. Normativa de protección de los derechos humanos y derechos de los trabajadores. 4.5. Normativa sobre privacidad. 5. Medidas para la aplicación del compliance. 5.1. La figura del Compliance Officer. 5.1.1. Las funciones del Compliance Officer. 5.1.2. Perfil, aptitudes y requisitos esenciales del Compliance Officer. 5.1.3. Responsabilidades del Compliance Officer. 5.2. Determinación del riesgo (risk management). 5.2.1. Establecimiento del contexto. 5.2.2. Identificación de los riesgos. 5.2.3. Análisis de los riesgos. 5.2.4. Evaluación de los riesgos. 5.3. Sistemas de control del cumplimiento. 5.3.1. Procesos de control interno. 5.3.2. Procesos de control externo. II. El c. 1284 § 2, 3º del CIC de 1983 y el compliance. 1. antecedentes del c. 1284 § 2, 3º. 1.1. El c. 1523, 2º del CIC 1917. 1.2. La reforma del ordenamiento canónico en el ámbito patrimonial. 2. El proceso de elaboración del c. 1284. 2.1. Novedades en el nuevo canon 1284 § 2, 3º. 2.2. Las discusiones en torno al nuevo canon. 3. Análisis exegético del c. 1284 § 2, 3º. 3.1. Sujeto. 3.2. Objeto. 3.3. Relación con el c. 1290. 3.4. Naturaleza de la obligación del administrador. Conclusiones. Bibliografía. Índice de la tesis doctoral

Low-energy ion bombardment of frozen bacterial spores and its relevance to interplanetary space

The panspermia hypothesis is concerned with the dissemination of life in space in the form of simple micro-organisms. During an interplanetary journey the micro-organisms are subjected to the action of, among others, the solar wind. We have simulated experimentally such conditions bombarding frozen bacterial spores with low-energy hydrogen ions. On the basis of the results obtained and our earlier research, a new look at the panspermia hypothesis is discussed